Member of the wedding notes Essay

Stuck between being to young for adolescence and to old to be a child, the protagonist Frankie Addams, has the desire to be the child and the adult. Within herself she’s confused and lost, her body is to big, yet her mind is broken. Through the journey of Carson McCullers novel The Member of the Wedding, Frankie clenches on to the ridiculous idea of belonging to the wedding and even going off with the honeymooners after. This concept developed by her, is what she believes is a way in which she can develop a sense of belonging. Although this idea preposterous and highly immature it highlights that Frankie wants an adult dream at her young age. Her confused desires between child and adulthood are depicted again, when she almost experiences her first sexual encounter with a solider. Although being inquisitive and interested in what would go on between the two of them and although Frankie enjoyed being treated like an adult, it was all to much for her to handle and she fled from the solider. It is difficult to posses a sense of belonging when we are unsure of our own identity. Why? In having a sense of belonging, one must always have a clear understanding of their identity. This is because the groups we attach ourselves with throughout the journey of life resemble features of our own personality. So when one lacks the knowledge of their own self, in finding somewhere or something to belong to which suites and allows them to be comfortable, it is almost impossible. Evidence Through Carson McCullers novel The Member of the Wedding (1946 ) the confused protagonist Frankie Addams reflects how her own frail understanding of her identity impacts and makes it difficult for Frankie to develop a sense of belonging. This â€Å" unjoined â€Å" from society feeling that the protagonist feels is partly formed from different experiences she endures. From growing too old for sharing a bed with her father to being rejected from the club house for being â€Å" too young â€Å". Frankie’s self perception of her physical aspect also adds to this unsettled identity, as she is entering the stages of puberty and feels as if she is a â€Å" freak â€Å" due to her tall height. With both her experiences and her appearance shattering her identity in to an unsettled state, Frankie finds it difficult to belong to something more then the people she lives with. Leaving the protagonist to clench on to the ridiculous idea of being a member of her brothers wedding. Although this concept that Frankie desires so much, of belonging to a wedding, is preposterous it proves how much of an impact having a weak identity can play it finding a sense of belonging.

Development and use of explosives over the past century

The history of explosives and propellants, also known generally as ‘energetic materials’ began with the material known as gunpowder or black powder, whether the intended use was for civil applications such as rock blasting, military uses in demolition, shell filling (bursting charges) and construction projects, or military and civilian propellant charges for short guns, pistols, rifles or artillery. The individual inventor of black powder will undoubtedly forever remain unknown, but numerous writers such as Drinker (1878), Munroe (1888), Marshall (1915), and Davis (1941, 1943), described what is known about its development and evolution.Until the discovery of nitrated explosive compounds such as nitrocellulose by schonbein and Bottger (independently of one another) and nitroglycerin by Sobrero (all occurring in 1846), the only explosive available for any purpose was black powder. 1) Solid (particulate) propellants; 2) Military explosives; 3) Commercial explosives. Propel lants Propellants may be granular, solid, or liquid. The primary focus was on granular (particulate) material since they are the most commonly encountered by the forensic chemist.Solid propellants are deflagrating materials designed to accelerate a projectile from its position of rest at the breech of a weapon to its full velocity as it exits the tube or barrel. In the ideal (and designed for case), the complete consumption of the propellant and the exit of projectile occurs at the same instant. Propellant gains are thus chemically formulated and physically designed to achieve this end. The gains burn particle to particle at speeds below the speed of sound in the material: this defined the word ‘deflagrating’. Historically such materials have been termed progressive powders.In addition to burning particle- to- particle burns from its free surface inward or, in the case of perforated grains, also from the free surface outward. This characteristic enables the propellant d esigner to size and configure the grains or particles to be totally consumed at the optimum instant. Propellant gains may be found in multitude of shapes and sizes, as might be expected given the varieties of weapons and desired pressures and projectile velocities. Black powder Black powder is the mixture of three components, generally (and originally) charcoal, sulfur, and potassium nitrate.These are typically in the ratio of 15:10:75. Many variations to that ratio have been used: Cundill (1889) lists over 20 varieties, many with sub –varieties. Most of the differences, however, are insignificant. The one major development in the past 100 years is the use of sodium nitrate in some black powder grades. Black powder has an inherent drawback as a military propellant due to the fact that it produces a solid reaction product. Because of this, a dense black cloud is produced upon firing weapon is readily apparent, and after a number of rounds are fired the volume of battlefield sm oke leads to confusion and general chaos.For this reason the development of the ‘smokeless’ propellant charge was an objective of every governments weapons laboratory. Upon the discovery of the nitration reaction this research intensified. Smokeless powder The early history of the nitrated carbohydrates, which includes the 1833 discovery of nitro-starch (called xyloidine by its discoverer, Braconnot) and guncotton, called pyroxyline or pyroxyle be the chemist Pelouze, is thoroughly covered by Devis (1941).Guncotton, nitrocellulose of high nitrogen content (13. 35% to 13. 45%), was the first nitrated material to be tried as a replacement for black powder, but it was too prone to accidents. However its military use continued after it was found that the newly –invented mercury fulminate blasting cap would cause compressed guncotton to detonate, leading to its application as a demolition charge and shell filling. Its use was rather short lived, however due to the int roduction of picric acid.Research was continued on nitrocellulose of lower nitrogen content as a propellant material, and the first good smokeless riffle powder was produced by Vielle in 1886, for the French Government. This was nitrocellulose with either alcohol, kneaded in bread making type machine, rolled out into thin sheets, and then cut into small squares and dried (Military Explosives, 1924). This was a ‘single base’ smokeless powder (nitrocellulose only). In 1888 Nobel invented a powder called Ballistite, which was a low nitrated nitrocotton gelatinized with nitroglycerin: which came to be known as; double base’ powder.In the same year Cordite (given that name because it was extruded in the form of cord or ribbon), a mixture of high nitrated guncotton, nitroglycerine, and Vaseline, gelatinized by means if acetone was developed by an English Committee. (Marshall, 1915) Later ‘triple base’ smokeless powder were developed, containing nitro guani dine in addition to the nitrocotton and nitroglycerin of typical double base powders. Triple base powders were cooler-burning than the single or double base materials and use was mainly restricted to large caliber weapons.Developments in smokeless powder since those early days had been primarily to improve stability, decrease the erosion of the barrel of the weapon, control pressures, decrease smoke output (‘smokeless’ powders are smokeless in comparison to black powder, but still produce visible smoke), and to decrease the muzzle flash from a firing weapon. The geometry of powders may include flakes, tubes, cylinders, sticks, flattened balls, or spheres. Military Explosives As black powder was the first propellant, so it was the first military explosive too.It was used for shell filling, demolition, and military construction projects from the earliest times up until the invention of nitroglycerin. Military explosives as discussed here are those used as the shell filing or ‘bursting charge’ in artillery round and those explosives used for demolition charges. Military construction projects typically use commercial-type explosives, except in field-expedient situations. The brief use of guncotton as a military explosive was noted above. Trinitrotoluene (TNT)During and after World War I the explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT, C7H5N3O6) became the dominant shell filling and demolition charge material. TNT has the advantage of being very easy to cast, since it has a wide spread between its melting and decomposition temperatures. One disadvantage is its extreme insensitivity. In the order to conserve TNT for small caliber shells in World War I, a mixture of TNT and ammonium nitrate (‘amatol’) was developed. It was specified for use only in shell of $. 7-inch to 9. 2-inch diameter (Crowell, 1919) but in actual practice it was used in all sizes.For the same reason of conserving TNT, nitro starch explosives were used very successfully in that war for hand grenades and trench mortar shells (Williams, 1920). Tetryl Tetryl (2, 4, 6-trinitrophenyllmethylnitramine, N-2, 4, 6-tetra-nitro-N-methyl aniline, or picrylmethyl nitramine) was used in military boosters, but has generally been replaced by materials such as RDX and HMX. The ‘tetrytols’ are mixtures of tetryl and TNT, which were utilized in boosters, demolition charges, shells, and shaped charges. The TNT generally ranged from 20 to 35 percent of the mixture.An advantage of tetrytol is that it allows the casting of the explosive into munitions rather than requiring pressing. It is also more powerful than TNT, but not as sensitive as tetryl alone. RDX and HMX Between the world Wars a number of explosives were developed, and after the start of the second war a vast amount of explosives research took place. One of the most important and useful military explosive is RDX (an acronym for ‘Research Department Explosive’), which was discovered i n 1899, but not used until World War II.It is also called cyclonite, hexagen, and cyclo-trimethylenetrinitramine. HMX was another explosive used for military applications during and after World War II. The initials are said to stand for â€Å"High Melting Explosive’, although other sources for the acronym are sometimes cited. It is also called cyclo-tetramethylenetetranitramine or octogen. (Beveridge 1-4) Blasting and Use of Explosives Only authorized persons can handle and use explosives. No person using explosives is allowed to be under the influence of alcohol or drugs.Nothing which could be an ignition source, such as matches, open flames, or smokers, is to be around explosives. Accountability is required to assure that explosives are under the care of a qualified person. All blasting aboveground is done between sunup and sundown and, when blasting is done, blasters are to take special precaution near public utilities, around transportation conveyances, and near public a reas to assure safety and mitigate any damage. Care must be taken to assure that accidental premature ignition does not occur from stray electrical sources or radio transmitters.The blaster is to be considered a competent person in the use and care of explosives, and have experience with the type of blasting methods being used. The transportation of explosive and blasting materials must conform to the department of Transportation regulatory provisions. Drivers of trucks containing explosives and blasting equipment must be licensed and should be in good physical and mental condition. No blasting materials are to be transported with other cargo and blasting caps are not to be transported in the same vehicle as other explosives.These vehicles should be marked with a placard signifying â€Å"Explosives† and have a fully charged fire extinguisher. (Reese, Edison 648) Different uses of an Explosive Blasting is extremely important both to mining and the world economy. The saying is often used, â€Å"If it can’t be grown it has to be mined,† however if the ground is too hard to be mechanically mined economically, it has to be blasted. Certainly many materials, such as iron, copper and concrete to name but a few would be significantly more expensive if it weren’t for explosives and our ability to easily drill holes to use these explosives efficiently.Shock wave compression technology is not only a means of extremely high-pressure generation, but also a means of extremely high-temperature production in solids. When dynamite shock load is applied to solids by means of explosive and high-speed impact, the shock pressure and the shock temperature generated depend on the shock load and the density of the solid. Between 1985 and early 1991, there were 182 incendiary or explosive devices planted in Great Britain by animal-rights activists.This number accounted for approximately 50 percent of all explosive devices planted in all of Great Britain, ma king it numerically a larger problem in Great Britain than incidents attributed to the provisional Irish Republican Army. However, the majority of these devices were far less sophisticated and far less dangerous than the PIRA devices. In 1980 in Great Britain, the first use of high explosives by animal-rights terrorists took place. These acts appear to have been perpetrates by a small group, which had obtained a high explosive used both in military operations and in commercial applications, such as quarries.First it was used against the staff restaurant at Bristol University, where a 5-puound bomb was set off about midnight, wrecking about two floors of the building. More recently in 1990, the same explosive was used presumably by the same group in two car bobs. In one case, a passing infant was severely wounded. Conclusion During the past centuries, it has been proved that there is a beginning international acknowledgement of the future need for demolition of plants and buildings. There is also evidence of an increasing interest in demolition techniques and the re-use of building materials.There are literally hundreds of different types of explosives, varying from black powder used in pipe bombs (still a favorite of domestic bombers), to dynamite sticks, and from blocks of TNT to plastic explosives that can be molded into diverse forms, including thin sheets. A dozen or so of the most notable explosives are used by the terrorists. Of particular note are the explosives RDX and PETN which, together with plastic and other fillers, compose many plastic explosives such as Detasheet and SEMTEX.Explosives are mostly harmful (destructive) but on the other hand in many cases they are useful (constructive) too. Doctors, Engineers use explosives in a constructive way while at the same time criminals and terrorists use explosive in the destructive way. There are many uses of explosives such as Mining, Pyrotechnics, Building Demolition and even Construction. Explosives ar e also used in Carve Mount Rushmore, Avalanches and are used in backcountry for Trail Maintenance. Explosive are used in Medicines to break-up kidney-stones. Works cited Beveridge, Alexander. Forensic Investigation of Explosions. New York: CRC Press, 1998. 1,2,3,4 Kasai, Yoshio. Kenkyuio, Kenchiku, Kensetsusho. (Japan), Nihon Daigaku. Demolition and Reuse of Concrete and Masonry: Proceedings of the Second†¦.New York: Taylor & Francis, 1998. 49 Technology against terrorism: the federal effort, US: DIANE Publishing, (1992) Reese, D. Charles. Eidson, V. James. Handbook of OSHA Construction Safety and Health New York: CRC Press, 2006. 648

12 Angry Men Essay

12 Angry Men Essay Every man put on trial is considered innocent until proven guilty. In 12 Angry Men Essay this theory can almost be considered false to the jurors involved in this murder case. But one man can be credited with sticking to the innocent until proven guilty theory that most likely saved a mans life. This juror must show 11 other jurors that he can prove with enough valid evidence that this boy is be wrongfully accused of killing his father. Reginald Rose shows us how that one mans integrity can prove to make a big difference in a kids life. Juror #8 can be credited with saving someones life. Under intense and hostile scrutiny juror #8 is the only juror to vote not guilty on the stabbing death of a boys father. #8 doesnt believe straight out that this boy is innocent of this crime. #8 believes that it would wrong to send a boy off to be executed without discussing it first. Jurors #3 and #10 are the most hostile of the jurors. They believe deep down that this boy killed his father. They believe that everything they heard in the courtroom holds true and they dont really want to see this kid live any longer. Juror #8 still had reasonable doubt about the murder. He doesnt want to vote guilty until he has enough evidence that this boy did indeed kill his father. Many different points are made about the boy who supposedly stabbed his father, that are cross examined well by juror #8 who still stands alone at not guilty. All of the evidence that the 11 jurors found contains flaws in them. For instance the woman who supposedly witnessed the stabbing wasnt wearing her glasses. Also the stab wound in the boys father was made so that a taller man or boy could have made that type of wound with a switchblade knife. When these key pieces of evidence becomes clearer to the 11 jurors we start to see jurors questioning there own guilty vote. #9 is the second juror to vote guilty, because he too has some reasonable doubt. As more evidence is put on the table the 12 jurors come together and decide that this boy is innocent. In conclusion, juror #8 believes that every person is innocent until proven guilty. He was given many pieces of key evidence that showed this boys guilt but the evidence was examined carefully, and as more evidence was put out more jurors believed this boy was indeed innocent bringing them all together to believe this boys innocence Bibliography dont got one .

History of the USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

History of the USA - Essay Example The search discusses the four types of American ethnic relations levels. Fulfilling the promise to make all men equal is trending on the correct road towards realization. Jefferson’s making a promise in his Declaration of Independence. In 1776, President Thomas Jefferson uses the philosophical teachings of John Locke as the foundation for his declaration of independence where President Jefferson promised to exert efforts to make all men equal. However, the makers of the United States Constitution preferred that only the White Americans who owned lands could vote (Ciment 1). On the other hand, President Jefferson emphasized that the people must be granted their inalienable rights. The rights include the right to live, liberty, and right to seek one’s happiness. Further, John Locke’s Two Treatise on Government, published in 1690, reiterated that the people had the inalienable (natural) rights to property, liberty, as well as life. Consequently, John Locke insisted that the government must do its best to protect the people’s rights from being abused. However, President Jefferson replaced John Locke’s property right to happiness right. The declaration of independence mentioned that the King George III Britain government had deprived the people their rights, triggering a fight for independence from Britain (Bardes 35). However, the conservatives of American society limited and modified the political system. Jefferson’s differential political government emphasized that the majority of the Americans will not enter the political picture. The conservatives only allowed the wealthy and the educated elite members of society to engage in political decisions and other government exercises (Garry 54). Further, Alexei reiterated that the local American Indian Art culture was slowly being overrun by the imposed White American colonizer’s imported art culture. The Indians were forced to incorporate the White American’s art culture into the American Indian’s local art culture. The Western style paintings triggered the death of the local art forms (Dawn 256). Furthermore, the leader of the women’s group, Stanton, copied the President Jefferson’s declaration of Independence as basis for drawing up the women group’s demands to exercise the right to vote and gender equality. The women called the document, Declaration of Sentiments. The voting process during Stanton’s time only allowed the male citizens to vote. Five women spearheaded the signing and advertisement of the women group’s declaration in the July 14, 1848 issue of the Seneca Newspaper. The five women held the women’s July 19 and July 20 convention. The convention focused on forcing the government to allow the women population to vote (Burgan45). George Frederickson’s Ethnic Relations In terms of ethic relations, George Frederickson (638) insists that the best model of American ethnic relat ions is cultural pluralism model. The model accepts the cultural diversity of the different races. For example, the United States court stated (Meyer vs. Nebraska [262 U.S. 390]) that the German Community can use the German bible in their elementary school (Norgren & Nanda 68). The model allows the individuals to freely build and rebuild their own diverse cultures (Loury, Modood, & Teles 133). On the other hand, the assimilation model indicates the non-whites are forced to accept and implement the culture of the White Americans (Frederickson 635). Under the One Way Assimilation model, the ethnic groups are required to conform or follow the cultural acts and non-acts of the White Americans. Consequently, the model dictates that the non-White Americans’ cultures are inferior to the White Americans’ culture. Consequently, the

Management and leadership styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management and leadership styles - Essay Example They act as a catalyst in guiding and inspiring the human resources or the employees of an organization so as to enhance their level of performance and dedication towards work. Side by side, the leaders and managers also motivate them towards work so as to improve the productivity and efficiency of the organization thereby amplifying its image and profit margin in the market among others. Along with this, it also helps in enhancing the popularity and equity of the organization thereby amplifying its level of sustainability to a certain extent in the future era among others. Therefore, it might be sated that leaders and managers are the guiding forces that might improve the efficiency and competence of the employees as well as the organization so as to cope up with varied types of challenges. This essay is divided into five phases and it mainly highlights the importance of management and leadership within an organization. Along with this, it also clearly depicts the relationship among the two different terms. ... Leadership is described as the procedure of social influence with the help of which, an individual supports and assists others to accomplish the objective or goal. Moreover, leaders are those individual, who inspire the employees to improve their level of devotion in order to enhance the productivity of the organization. Along with this, the leaders also help to guide and direct the human resources or the employees in such a way so that, it might enhance their efficiency to a significant extent as compared to others in the organization. Other than this, the term leadership is also described as a process to enhance the trust and faith of the employees, customers or the stakeholders thereby improving their relationship with the management. Side by side, the leaders also attempt to enhance the level of coordination among the employees and management of the organization so as to accomplish the future targets in an effective way. Along with this, it also helps in improving the interperson al relationship among the employees thereby reducing the range of conflicts, lockouts and attritions. Thus, it might be portrayed that leadership skills, attitudes and values help to present proper direction to the employees or the organization to become successful in future. Similarly managerial style or management is often described as the individual liable for controlling and supervising a group of members or staffs within an organization. It is done so as to attain the objectives or targets of the organization in an effective way. In order to do so, management always tries to plan, organize and schedule the ideas and information of the group members so as to accomplish the objective in an efficient way. So that, the objective of the organization might be attained in a

A Quality Candidate for the Position of Teacher Essay

A Quality Candidate for the Position of Teacher - Essay Example Teachers are expected to create the most conducive learning environment that would design and impart theoretical concepts according to defined modules and encourage students to be actively engaged in the learning process. As a Bilingual Math teacher with extensive experiences in curriculum design, integrating technological applications and applying a multidimensional approach to teaching, I strongly believe that I am a quality candidate for the position of a teacher. Being a Bilingual Math teacher for the past 4 years has paved the way for the continued personal and professional growth in terms of honing skills in instructional design, the creation of an interactive learning environment, incorporating technology in education, and adhering to ethical and moral codes of conduct expected of the teaching profession. The continued interaction with various academic stakeholders from diverse cultural orientations enabled continuous improvement of knowledge, abilities, and skills required in the academe. Other than the teaching experience, one previously assumed the position of an accountant for Angelo & Carlos, lnc., an organization in New York and the role of a manager for the U.S. Marine. The leadership skills, professional discipline, interpersonal and communication skills, as well as problem-solving and decision-making abilities have all been gained from past personal and professional experiences. All of these are contributory to enhanced competencies in handling classroom management and maximizing learning opportunities in diverse academic environments.

Comparative summaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Comparative summaries - Essay Example For developed economies, governments offer subsidies in the form of drugs and other equipments that aid in provision of medical services. Health care financial management Health care financial management entails the use of different financial strategies in managing the financial resources of a healthcare facility. According to Goldsmith, (2011), organizations choose financial management stratagems based on the mission and the objective of the organizations. For non-profit organization, careful management of financial resources is essential for accounting purposes. Hence, the reason healthcare institutions use flexible budget. In budgeting, financial management aids organization in forecasting on its mission. Profit organizations increase profitability when forecasting for healthcare service. Amerigroup is an American corporation that offers medical services to individuals who receive healthcare benefits as funded by the public. The entity is a profit organization that sources for its funding from benefits from Medicaid and children programs. According to Dunham-Taylor & Pinczuk (2004), the corporation engages in duties such as providing in-patient care services, disease management services, homes visits and consultation services. Additionally, the organization offers clients insurance covers. According to records from the US department of health, the corporation serves clients in different parts of the United States. In 2011, 2 million people in Louisiana benefited from the services of the company. During the campaigns, the company sensitized the public on the benefits of taking medical covers. Amerigroup operates by sourcing funds from sales of its services. Consequently, professionals based in United States manage the finances of the company. They plan, coordinate and mobilize resources with the objective of providing services to the public through healthcare schemes. Today, Amerigroup operates hospitals in the United States, with a majority of the institutio ns being private institutions. According to Goldsmith, (2011), Amerigroup is a profit organization owned by stockholders from different parts of the United States. The stockholders make decision on behalf of the company when it comes to planning and restructuring financial obligations at the company. When it comes to profits profit sharing, Amerigroup shares its earnings with stockholders who pay taxes at the facility. Policies unique to each financial environment Policies for organizations that aim at making profits usually differ from policies of non-profit organizations. Analysis of non-profit organizations indicates that the administration is exempted from taxations and other charges that increase cost of operations. On the contrary, profit-making organizations are taxed highly hence, the high cost of healthcare in profit making facilities. Furthermore, the financial structure of private organizations differs with structure of the government (Dunham-Taylor & Pinczuk, 2004). Heal thcare financial environment is characterized by the activities of profit, non-profit and governmental organizations. However, private organizations are the leaders when it comes to issuing insurance packages, planning and meeting the needs of clients. In a profit environment, the management uses policies that promote the interest of the company.

Industrial Society and Native Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Industrial Society and Native Culture - Essay Example Both these societies have extremely different views regarding the environment and the use of its resources. With most of the industrial world following capitalist means of running their economies, the exploitation of natural resources in an unsustainable manner is the norm. However, an almost intuitive understanding of the manner in which nature functions enables native cultures to utilize natural resources in sustainable ways. The Brazilian Amazonian tribes follow methods of living that enable one to infer their respect for the environment. At first glance, the method of agriculture that they follow, slash and burn agriculture is done in a manner that the ecological balance of the area is not upset. Moreover, different plants are planted at different points of time, which not only ensures a INDUSTRIAL AND NATIVE SOCIETIES 3 constant supply of food but also efficient use of the soil’s fertility. This also provides the land an opportunity to replenish itself. The Yanomami is a tribe that follows these methods of farming to great effect. Initially, when the Europeans came to the Amazon, they were surprised at how the area was able to support the number of people that it did. This is possible because of the manner in which the Yanomami and other tribes in this area understand the ecology of the area and attempt to live in harmony with it (Hutchison 159-63, 2007). The needs of the present day Brazilian industrial society, is however, different. With a much greater population and corresponding needs, the Brazilian industrial society usually requires a greater yield than what slash and burn agriculture is able to provide. As a result, it has to follow scientific methods of agriculture that suit the needs of the urban populations of Brazil. A concerted effort in the past thirty years has enabled the Brazilian state to increase its agricultural production and achieve a food surplus (The Miracle, 2010). It has managed to surpass the problems that have plagued the management of environmental issues such as the divide between the developed and the poor nations of the world as to the management of the crisis of pollution, which the Brazilian government has attempted to solve by encouraging the use of environment-friendly fuels that are ethanol-based. A large number of opportunities to develop a consensus on the environmental issues that the world faces today have been frittered INDUSTRIAL AND NATIVE SOCIETIES 4 away due to this obstacle that divides the world into the developing and the developed (Cunningham Preface, 2007). The support that the government has provided for the initiatives that were started to encourage the use of ethanol based fuels has been very strong and today, a large number of vehicles that run in Brazil use ethanol-based fuels, that are able to power vehicles without sending out toxic fumes like fossil fuels like petrol and diesel. The emphasis that the Brazilian industrial society places on the sustainability of its deve lopment is a feature that it has in common with the tribes of the Amazon. Both these communities plan their actions in such a way that they are able to provide themselves with their needs without compromising on the conservation of the environment. As a result,

Obamacare, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act Essay

Obamacare, Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act - Essay Example One of the benefits accruing from the Act is with regards to the fact that it offers an extension of Medicaid’s eligibility in 26 states for up to 138% for the poverty level in the federal hence making it possible for most of Americans to have access to health care. Whether a citizen gets a health insurance coverage for themselves or whether it is done by their employees, the Act abolishes actions that leave citizens without insurance covers when they need them the most. No person gets left out based on their gender or even color. No canceling of policies Unlike before, an insurer cannot come forward and cancel a policy the moment one falls sick on claims that one had made a mistake when taking out the policy. The act of canceling is what is referred to a recession. If an applicant made an honest mistake while taking out the policy, their policy cannot, later on, be canceled on that very ground the instance they fall ill. Appeals When someone feels aggrieved by a decision that an insurance company has reached regarding their policy, they have a right to go ahead and apply for an appeal. The applicant makes the said appeal to a neutral or rather an independent reviewer who checks into their application and delivers a sound verdict in that regard. The response given by the independent reviewer is delivered within 72 hours when the medical condition is urgent in nature. No limited insurances Treatment for some illnesses can consume a lot of time and finances hence accumulating big medical bills.

New Vaccine against Cervical Cancer Essay Example for Free

New Vaccine against Cervical Cancer Essay According to the American cancer society, in the year 2008, â€Å"about 11,070 cases of invasive cervical cancer will be diagnosed in the United States.† (American Cancer Society). Close to a third of these women will succumb to cervical cancer making it to be one of the leading in cancer deaths. This indicates the magnanimity of the problem facing the society today, a problem that has become costly to address. An announcement made by experts in 2004 on the possible invention of a vaccine to prevent cervical cancer was treated with glee and huge expectations. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is aimed at the strains of the Papillomavirus that leads to cervical cancer. The raging controversy when this vaccine is mentioned is the insistence by the health experts that it can only be effective in women if it is introduced at a young age of below thirteen. The position of this paper, in spite of the recognition and appreciation of the gravity of cervical cancer, is that the HPV vaccine should not be given to young girls as it will create an impression that it is appropriate to engage in premarital sex.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Vaccination against cervical cancer has become a sensitive issue with possible political ramifications to legislators that are likely to support its being mandatory. Most of the informed criticism being leveled on the vaccine centers on its inappropriateness when it is carried out against young girls. It is important to note that the raging opposition against the vaccine does not centre on its ability to prevent cervical cancer but at the perception and the image it is likely to send to the young, sexually and emotionally vulnerable girls (Gilham Matthews 48) Gardasil and Cervarix are such vaccines that are currently deeply embroiled in this controversy. Gardasil is a product of Merck that seeks to protect women from four strains of cervical cancer. These strains are 6.11, 16, and 18. For it to be effective, it has to be given to a person in a period stretching to 6 months. A total of three injections are carried out. Cervarix is a product of GlaxoSmithKline but its approval is still under consideration by the Food and Drugs Authority. Unlike Gardasil, it protects a woman against two strains only of Human Papillomavirus. These are 16 and 18. It is also carried out in three injections spanning over a period of six months. One important point to note here is that the efficiency of these two drugs as far as protecting women against the various HPV types is yet to be fully ascertained. This is because of the existence of a high number of strains of HPV. This means that a third of all cervical cancer cases cannot be prevented. However, it is vital to point out that Gardasil has so far been approved by the FDA for being effective in arresting any infection on the strains that it targets (Lowy and Schiller 13). The argument being made by those that advocate for its mandatory vaccination on young girls is on the basis of the fact that it can only be functional if given to women before they began engaging in sexual activities. According to the FDA, it is licensed for use by women between the age 9 and 26. There is an undeniable logic in this. A vaccine is preventative and not curative. There are tentative reports on studies that indicate the possible manufacturing of drugs that will be effective even to women infected with HPV. However, the ones that have raised controversy are only effective to women that have not had any sexual contacts. It is hence undeniable that there is enough ground for this vaccination to be given to girls at a tender age; however this does not mean that it should be made mandatory on young girls even before the age of puberty (Elit and Froese 26). Although fully understanding the benefits of such a vaccination and the possible averting of a cervical   cancer related deaths, it is crucial to investigate the kind of perception that legislators would be sending to the young people by making it mandatory for school going girls to have cervical cancer vaccines. At the age of 12, girls are in their formative stage and on the verge of becoming sexually developed and mature. Between the age of 9 and 25, they are likely to be tempted to engage in premarital sex not recognizing the risks that that they face from the immense sexually transmitted diseases. A vaccine against cancer given, at such a tender age, will send the wrong image that it is okay to engage in such activities. Rather than making it mandatory to have the vaccine carried out on all young girls, a more inexpensive campaign should be carried out to propagate for abstinence as the best strategy of avoiding HPV.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In these days of incurable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, the abstinence debate has been taken a notch higher and abstinence campaign groups have been formed reaching out the young people wide and far. The insistence by some policy makers and the drug manufacturing companies on the mandatory need to carry out the vaccinations is likely to sound a death knell to such campaigns. According to Rob Stein â€Å"Conservative groups say they welcome the vaccine as an important public health tool but oppose making it mandatory.† (AO3) This is a popular stand that is being echoed over time even as the Texas Governor issued the executive order making it mandatory to all school girls from sixth grade.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Taking a look at the raging debate of anti cancer vaccine would reveal the intensity of the criticism that stand over the order. On February 2, 2007 Texas Governor, Rick Perry went against the legislature and issued an executive order PP65 that would have made it compulsory for all six grade girls   to undergo a vaccination against Human Papillomavirus. In issuing the order, Perry managed to circumvent the possible opposition such a bill would be facing from members of legislature and the immense lobbying by conservative rights groups. The order would have required that from September this year, all females commencing sixth grade will have to get a Gardasil jab. By sixth grade, the governor is focusing on girls of a tender age between 11 and 12. Perry has come out clearly in support of the vaccine saying that the issuing of the order was prompted by understanding of the economic benefits that it stands to bring. He said that, ‘the HPV vaccine provides with an incredible opportunity to effectively target and prevent cervical cancer.† (USA TODAY)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An analysis of the order brings out a number of controversial issues that point a finger against the vaccine. According to the pro-family groups, the executive order usurped the role and the powers of the legislature. This is a move that immediately prompted a bill in the legislature that has sought to rescind the order. It is important to note that by issuing the order, he has also usurped the role of the parents in deciding what is right for their children.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The financial implications of Perry’s executive order also need to be analyzed. Gardasil emerges as an expensive vaccine costing over three hundred dollars. This would be an expensive venture by a state that wishes to make it mandatory for girls to have the vaccine.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When the issue of Perry’s executive order is raised, there are a number of factors that are brought to the surface as likely to have contributed to the issuing of the executive order.   This however is not to undermine the importance of the vaccine and the benefits that such an executive order can reap. There have been connections that have been drawn between the Texas governor and the Gardasil manufacturers, Merck. Importantly, Merck is said to have contributed 6000 dollars to his campaigns. The drug campaign chief lobbyist was Perry’s chief of staff. This may be a non pertinent issue but it is a strong indicator of the influence wielded by the drug manufactures. Another issue that would come up to discredit the order is the cost of distributing the vaccine to the school girls in Texas. Taking a look at the provision of health services in Texas paints a grim picture. Texas is among the states in the United States that has the highest rate of people not under any medical insurance cover. Governor Perry’s Executive Order may have been a positive move of curbing the spread of cervical cancer but it would have been appropriate if the resources that could have catered for the vaccination be channeled towards the provision of basic health to children outside the insurance cover. A look at the above also brings an important issue on the table in regard to the vaccine. The role that the manufacturing companies play in influencing important and sensitive policies also needs to be analyzed. Merck, Gardasil manufacturer, has spent huge amount of money in lobbying for the passage of state laws that would make it mandatory to have schoolgirls between the age of 11 and 12 be vaccinated against HPV. It would not be an ill advised move to regard big pharmaceutical companies with suspicion in regard to pushing for a policy that would increase their sales. Though not to disregard important role that Merck is playing in the fight against cervical cancer, it would not be inappropriate to note that Merck’s move was driven by financial and economic considerations. Merck owns the patent and the rights to exclusively produce and distribute Gardasil, the only vaccine mandated by FDA to prevent cervical cancer. With such exclusive rights and monopoly, there is an understanding that should the government make it mandatory to vaccinate all schoolgirls in their sixth grade, Merck stands to reap huge profits. It hence would not be farfetched and off the mark to argue that Merck’s move to lobby and urge the government to legislate on the vaccine was not driven by health considerations but purely by the desire and the need to increase their sales. The National Vaccine Information Centre has also managed to bring out an important point in its criticism of the vaccine. National Vaccine Information Center is a non profit oriented body that has invested heavily on informing and educating the public on the negative sides of vaccinations. The organization noted that Gardasil injections may have adverse effects that may require medical attention. This also brings an important point in the criticism of the vaccine. The vaccine has only been in the market for only a few months, a short period of time to judge the impact that it could have on the bid to curb cervical cancer. Judicial Watch, a non governmental organization purporting to check government corruption sued the United States Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) for licensing the use of a vaccine whose side effects and other impacts have not been thoroughly established. Judicial Watch claims that there have been â€Å"1824 reports of adverse reactions to the vaccination for the Human Papillomavirus (HPV)† it further claims that there have been so far eight deaths that have been directly attributed to the vaccine (Judicial Watch). It is essential to appreciate the efforts played by the Food and Drug Administration, but it would be imprudent not to criticize any move that would make it mandatory to vaccine school girls, understanding the risks that this could be putting them into. The adverse effects revealed by health experts in regard to the vaccine are a powerful indicator that there is a need to be either halt the vaccine or regulate it. There are a number of criticisms that have been leveled against the vaccine especially centering on its said efficiency. The proponents of the HPV vaccine claim that the vaccine has ability to 100 percent curb over 70 % incidents of cervical cancer. There is still a knowledge gap that exists in this. Experts opposed to the vaccine have brought up important points that cannot be ignored. One of the points made is that it is not possible to establish whether there will develop a new strain of HPV that will be resistant to the vaccine. The compatibility of the vaccine to other immunizations has also not been established. Key to note here is that the effectiveness of the HPV vaccine has not been appropriately established. The argument that stands in this is that that the vaccine was not fully tested on the young girls and that the tests conducted on the adults were assumed to apply to the young girls’ scenario.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Proponents of the vaccine insist that there are no conducted studies on the claim that the vaccine can in any way lead to the increase in promiscuous behaviors in the vaccinated girls. Though this is an argument that may hold some water, it is important to note that there is no study that has been conducted proving otherwise. It has to be understood that making it mandatory for sixth grade to be vaccinated will create a false notion that they are secure and are protected from other sexually transmitted diseases. This is a likely scenario considering the haste with which the vaccine has been carried out disregarding the need for adequate education and the need to emphasize on the importance of abstinence. Works Cited Rob Stein. Cervical Cancer Vaccine Gets Injected With a Social Issue Some Fear a Shot For Teens Could Encourage Sex. Washington Post. October 31, 2005; Page A03. Retrieved on June 2, 2008 from washingtonpost.com  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.washingtonpost.com/wpdyn/content/article/2005/10/30/AR2005103000747.html USA TODAY .Texas governor orders anti-cancer vaccine for schoolgirls Updated 2/2/2007. Retrieved on June 2, 2008 from http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2007-02-02-texas_x.htm Judicial Watch. Judicial Watch Uncovers New FDA Records Detailing Deaths in 1,824 Adverse Reaction Reports Related to HPV Vaccine. 2007. Retrieved on June 2, 2008 from http://www.judicialwatch.org/6428.shtml Peto, J; C Gilham, O Fletcher, FE Matthews. The cervical cancer epidemic that screening has prevented in the UK.. Lancet 364 . 2004; 49-56 Lowy and Schiller .Prophylactic human papillomavirus vaccines. Journal of Clinical Investigation . 116 (5);2006 , 7 -16 American Cancer Society .Detailed Guide: Cervical Cancer What Are the Key Statistics About Cervical Cancer? Retrieved on June 2, 2008 from http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_1X_What_are_the_key_statistics_for_cervical_cancer_8.asp Laurie Elit, and Jean Chamberlain Froese. Womens Health in the Majority World: Issues and Initiatives. Nova Publishers. 2007; 23- 34

Reducing the Risk of Transmission of Nosocomial Infections

Reducing the Risk of Transmission of Nosocomial Infections CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The standard precautions (SP), proposed by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in 1996, are guidelines for reducing the risk of transmission of nosocomial infections in hospitals. It proposes that body fluid, patient blood, secretions, and excrement are infectious, hence preventive measures are necessary to protect both patients and medical personnel. These preventive measures include avoidance of direct contact with patients and air-borne particles, and require hand washing and sterilization, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), the safe disposal of sharp instruments and waste management (Luo, He, Zhou Luo, 2010). 1.1  Background of the Study Standard precautions are specifically designed to reduce the risk of acquiring occupational nosocomial infections from both known and unknown sources in the healthcare setting. Awareness and compliance with these recommendations is crucial for the prevention of occupational nosocomial infections in healthcare personnel and patients (Abdulraheem, Amodu, Saka, Bolarinwa Uthman, 2012). Standard precautions include hand washing; use of personal protective equipment (gloves, gown, cap and mask); care with devices, equipment and clothing used during care; environmental control (surface processing protocols and health service waste handling); adequate discarding of sharp instruments; and patient’s accommodation in accordance to requirement levels as an infection transmission source. Hand hygiene is most important measures among the standard precautions advocated (Abdulraheem et al., 2012). Stringent observations of these measures protect the personnel against blood-borne viruses and to decrease transmission of cross infections among patients (Atif et al., 2013). Nurses are the group of health care providers with the most direct contact with patients while providing care. Therefore, nurses’ adherence to infection prevention precautions would have a profound effect on reducing nosocomial infection rates (Al-Hussami Darawad, 2013). The causal agents that bring infections are transmitted mainly by hands, after failure to comply with hygiene procedures. Hand washing is considered the most important measure in preventing infections. However, according to Jusot et al. (2004), in their study in the southeast of France, compliance of healthcare workers (HCWs) with SP was variable and often poor. In terms of knowledge, Chan et al. (2002) reported that in Hong Kong, nurses’ knowledge on SP was inadequate, in terms of applying precautions inappropriately and inadequately. In addition, Abdulraheem et al. (2012) in their study that conducted at North Eastern Nigeria also found that only a very small proportion of HCWs had a good knowledge o n SP. Different epidemiological characteristics of nosocomial infection in children results from the specificities of anatomy, physiology, medical conditions, therapeutic and surgical conditions and type of pathogens in pediatric populations. Besides that, the pediatric-hospitalized population is very heterogeneous, varying in age, diagnosis, and underlying illness, ranging from infants with congenital anomalies to adolescents with multiple traumas. Consequently, even patients admitted to the same ward pose a different risk for hospital-acquired infections (Lopes et al., 2006). Pediatric cancer patients have an increased risk of potentially life-threatening infectious complications due to their underlying illnesses and intensive anticancer treatment (Simon et al., 2008). Thus, SP are very crucial in preventing these nosocomial infections. It is clear that SP reduces the extent to which HCWs exposed to the blood of others, and, presumably, this in turn reduces their risk of occupational infections with blood borne pathogens. Although it has been routinely practiced in high-income countries for a long time, it is hard to achieve full compliance. Noncompliance has been associated with a range of factors, which include lack of knowledge, interference with work skills, risk perception, not wanting to offend patients, lack of equipment and time, uncomfortable PPE, inconvenience, work stress, and perceiving a weak organizational commitment to safety climate (Kermode et al., 2005). 1.2  Problem Statement The reality of adopting SP within the hospital setting is far from what is recommended and had proved to be somewhat problematic (Gammon Gould, 2005). Efstathoiu, Papastavrou, Raftopoulos and Merkouris (2011) also reported that adherence with SP among nurses in Cyprus in order to avoid exposure to microorganisms was low. More specifically, compliance was found insufficient regarding hand hygiene guidelines, use of gloves when exposure to body fluids was anticipated, eye protection, mouth and nose protection (mask use), wearing a gown when required, avoid recapping the needle after it was used for a patient, and provision of care considering all patients as potentially infectious. According to Gammon, Samuel and Gould (2008), in United Kingdom, staff compliance to SP was generally deficient, and practice interventions to improve adherence were generally limited in their effect. Hospital acquired infections (HAI) or nosocomial infections (NI), which pose a serious problem, threatening the health and safety of patients and medical personnel worldwide due to poor compliance towards SP. Nosocomial infections, defined as those occurring within 48 hours of hospital admission, three days of discharge or 30 days of an operation, affect one in every ten patients admitted to hospital. These infections affect the quality of medical care and increase medical care costs (Inweregbu, Dave Pittard, 2005). According to the World Health Organization (WHO) (2009), hundreds of millions of patients develop HAI around the globe every year and as many as 1.4 million cases occur in hospitals alone each day. In pediatric setting, HCWs always assumed that children are low-risk patients. Although it was acknowledged that the children can also carry contagious diseases, but they often do not implement SP (Efstathoiu et al., 2011). Nosocomial infections are a crucial clinical complication in adult and children patients at the different hospital wards worldwide. Nosocomial infections bring considerable morbidity and mortality associated with prolonged hospital stay and increased health care costs (Nagliate, Nogueira, Godoy Mendes, 2013). Kinnula et al. (2012) in their study at Finland and Switzerland found that 8.4% of children in a ward for pediatric infectious diseases acquired a viral HAI during their hospitalization, although only 13% of the HAIs manifested themselves during hospitalization, the majority, 87%, occurring after discharge. So, from here can be proved that, SP are very important to be implemented in the clinical settings. Without these measures, NI will occur. For Hospital USM, pediatric oncology ward, 6 Utara (6U) showed the highest rate of NI if compared to others pediatric ward (Unit Kawalan Jangkitan Epidemiologi Hospital, 2013). This may be due to the low immune system of those children. Pediatric cancer patients are at an increased risk for specific HAI. These adverse events can result not only in significant morbidity and mortality, but also in an increased expenditure of limited financial and personnel resources (Simon et al., 2008). According to Unit Kawalan Jangkitan Epidemiologi Hospital (2013), the average NI occurred per month from August 2012 to August 2013 was 3 cases, which contributed to 4.62% of total admission of the patient. This was quite a high number. Thus, interventions should be taken to investigate the compliance level of the pediatric nurses towards SP and thus to reduce the infection rates. Table 1.2.1 Total nosocomial infection occurred per month at 6Ufrom August 2012 to August 2013 (Source: Unit Kawalan Jangkitan Epidemiologi Hospital, 2013) Date Total NI Total no. of admission Total % of admission in ward August 2012 4 58 6.89 September 2012 3 47 6.38 October 2012 2 82 2.45 November 2012 0 50 0 December 2012 1 74 1.35 January 2013 2 65 3.0 February 2013 5 60 8.33 March 2013 3 62 4.84 April 2013 2 65 3.06 May 2013 4 71 5.6 June 2013 3 67 4.4 July 2013 1 76 1.31 August 2013 4 67 5.97 AVERAGE 3 65 4.62 Guidelines or policies that guide an individual’s behavior exist in a variety of settings (including health care settings), but people do not always comply with them. In order to explain and understand the factors that influence an individual’s adherence with certain guidelines, which consequently may bring to the adoption of certain behavior, a number of conceptual models or theories had been developed (Efstathiou et al., 2011). Conceptual framework that used in this study in explaining the knowledge and compliance towards SP among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM was adapted from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) by Ajzen (1991). The TPB provides a model that has potential benefits for predicting the intention to perform a behavior based on an individual’s attitudinal, normative beliefs and perceived behavioral control. As for this study, the knowledge on SP, self-efficacy (attitude), awareness on the importance of standard operating procedures (SOPs), and some individual factors of nurses will influence their practice towards SP in healthcare setting. 1.3  Research Objectives 1.3.1  General Objective The general aim of this study is to identify the knowledge and compliance towards standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (Hospital USM). 1.3.2  Specific Objectives To identify the level of knowledge regarding standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM. To identify the level of compliance with standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM. To determine the association between selected socio-demographic data (working ward, clinical working experience in years and highest nursing educational level) and level of compliance with standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM. To determine the association between levels of knowledge regarding standard precautions and level of compliance among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM. To determine the association between self-efficacy and level of compliance with standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM. 1.4  Research Questions What is the level of knowledge regarding standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM? What is the compliance level among pediatric nurses towards the application of standard precautions in the pediatric ward at Hospital USM? Is there any association between working ward and level of compliance with standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM? Is there any association between clinical working experience in years and level of compliance with standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM? Is there any association between highest nursing educational level and level of compliance towards standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM? Is there any association between level of knowledge regarding standard precautions and level of compliance among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM? Is there any association between self-efficacy and level of compliance with standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM? Research Hypothesis 1.5.1 Hypothesis 1 HO: There is no significant association between working ward and level of compliance with standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM. HA: There is a significant association between working ward and level of compliance with standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM. 1.5.2 Hypothesis 2 HO: There is no significant association between clinical working experiences in years and level of compliance with standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM. HA: There is a significant association between clinical working experiences in years and level of compliance with standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM. 1.5.3 Hypothesis 3 HO: There is no significant association between highest nursing educational level and level of compliance with standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM. HA: There is a significant association between highest nursing educational level and level of compliance with standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM. 1.5.4 Hypothesis 4 HO: There is no significant association between level of knowledge and level of compliance with standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM. HA: There is a significant association between level of knowledge and level of compliance with standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM. 1.5.5 Hypothesis 5 HO: There is no significant association between self-efficacy and level of compliance with standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM. HA: There is a significant association between self-efficacy and level of compliance with standard precautions among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM. 1.6  Definition of Operational Terms Knowledge Knowledge is defined as the level or degree of information acquired in a particular field. It is a basic requirement so that the positive changes in behavior can be developed. Knowledge can further bring into awareness and in turn leads to action. To develop nursing knowledge, it comes from both theoretical and practice perspectives. By gaining knowledge, it raises awareness of personal and professional accountability and the dilemmas of practice (Ndikom Onibokun, 2007). In this research, it was referred to the knowledge regarding SP and its application. Compliance Compliance is defined as the extent to which certain behavior (for example, following physician’s orders or implementing healthier lifestyles) is in accordance with the physicians’ instructions or health care advice. It can be influenced or controlled by a variety of factors such as culture, economic and social factors, self-efficacy, and lack of knowledge or means (Efstathiou et al., 2011). In this research, it was referred to compliance or adherence towards SP to prevent NI. Standard precautions The standard precautions are defined as guidelines to reduce the risk of transmission of blood-borne and other pathogens in hospitals. It proposes that body fluid, patient blood, secretions, and excrement are infectious. Hence these measures are necessary to protect both patients and HCWs (Luo et al., 2010). Standard precautions include hand washing; use of personal protective equipment (e.g., gloves, gown, cap, mask); care with devices, equipment and clothing used dur ­ing care; environmental control (e.g., sur ­face processing protocols, health service waste handling); and adequate discarding of sharp instruments including needles (Vaz et al., 2010). In this research, SP referred to those policies that protect patient and HCWs such as hand washing, use of PPE, safe sharp disposal and waste management. Nosocomial Infections Nosocomial infections are defined as infections that occur within 48 hours of hospital admission, three days of discharge or 30 days of an operation (Inweregbu, Dave Pittard, 2005). In my research, it was referred to the infections that acquired within the period of hospitalization. Self-efficacy Self-efficacy is defined as the confidence to control and guide one’s own activities. General self-efficacy is a general confidence when the individual deals with changeable environments and faces new experiences (Luo et al., 2010). In this research, it was referred to the self confidence in implementing SP to prevent NI. 1.7  Significance of the Study Nosocomial infections control requires a combination of interventions, including knowledge about the use of SP, rational use of antimicrobials, hand washing and compliance with SP and manuals for prevention and controlling microorganisms. Health professionals’ low compliance with and difficulties to use SP had been demonstrated in some research though (Efstathiou et al., 2011; Luo et al., 2010). Hence, in view of application and even compliance failures that compromised patient and professional safety (Sax, Uckay, Richet, Allegranzi Pittet, 2007), it is necessary to assess nurses’ knowledge and compliance about SP (Nagliate et al., 2013). By assessing the knowledge and compliance level toward SP among the nurses, interventions could be taken to improve the quality of health care services as well as provide a holistic nursing care to reduce the morbidity and mortality worldwide. In order to reduce HAI and protect the health of patients and HCWs, the relevant authorities and hospital infection control departments should pay more attention to nurse compliance towards SP, strengthen SP training, and provide sufficient practical PPE. Through learning, the attainment of knowledge and skills, and the formation of health beliefs and attitudes, health activity habits can be formed. Only when individuals are familiar with the content and meanings of the SP, with strengthening of the individual’s health concepts, can individual practice change so as to improve compliance with SP. For nurses, the study on adherence towards SP and factors impacting compliancy should be strengthened in order to improve concepts of health and self-efficacy, to increase compliance with the SP and hence reduce the chances of NI (Luo et al., 2010). The reason that the researcher wished to conduct this research was because from the researcher’s observation during clinical posting, it was observed that, the nurses often neglected the importance of SP. For example, they did not apply the proper ways in implementing SP, some even did not adhere to it at all due to time saving and other reasons. On the other hand, the reason that this study been conducted at pediatric ward was because children is having low immunity if compared to adults, they are at high risk of acquiring NI, so the implementation of SP is very important to ensure a quality health care. In addition, no research on the knowledge and compliance towards SP had been done at Hospital USM before this. Thus, this study is crucial to assess the knowledge and compliance level towards SP among pediatric nurses at Hospital USM to provide a preliminary data that is crucial for the hospital. This study can provide a better insight into the magnitude of the problem of infection control in this hospital. By knowing all these, interventions can be taken if the knowledge and compliance level are disappointing to increase the knowledge and compliance towards SP among the pediatric nurses to reduce the morbidity and mortality rate.

Great Literature - Some Things Never Change :: Literature Essays Literary Criticism

Great Literature - Some Things Never Change Great literature is a book or piece of literature that passes through the ages and allows the reader to identify with the characters. Another element that makes great literature are morals that fit with each passing generation. The last element of great literature is heroism. An example of literature that passes through the ages is Catcher in the Rye by J. D. Salinger. By not attaching current stereotypes and standards to characters, Holden Caulfield is a timeless character. Each generation that has read the book has been able to identify with his antics. Lashing out at his teachers and assuming sundry identities to fit in is a common thing among adolescents. Writing about problems that regular people encounter is another way literature goes from one generation to the next. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is a boy's struggle against society's standards. Most young men rebel against society and any form of authority. Running away from home and problems is a thought most adolescents consider. Morals that pass from one generation to another are important in literature. A literary example is The Scarlet Letter by Hawthorne. Most of the morals contained in the book are religious. Being faithful to a spouse has always been an important moral, especially in Puritan New England where adultery was considered as heinous as murder. Even thought adulterous spouses aren't looked down upon now as severely as in Puritan New England, it is one thing that is still taught consistently in church and in the home as being bad. Another literary example is The Odyssey by Homer. More heroic and hardworking morals are presented in the epic poem. Work hard and you will obtain what you want or desire and good will always triumph over evil are the main morals in the epic poem. The last element that makes great literature is heroism. Although the character may be fighting ancient gods, demons, monsters, or his or her own destiny, a reader is able to scale down the size of the fight and apply it to his or her life.

Women, Work And Public Policy :: essays research papers

Gender and the market are both concepts that carry tremendous power to shape society. Indeed, these institutions are so powerful within society that they can seem invisible and immutable. Each of these influential constructs has become the lens through which a theoretical approach defines and analyzes the world: feminist theory centering on gender, and economic theory centering on the market. Such a primary focus enables each theory to function as an invaluable tool in clarifying complex interactions. On the flip side, however, such a lens can also obscure the ability to enlarge understanding beyond that initial analysis. In this way, the strength of focus can become a weakness, setting one analytical approach as exclusively paramount, and inherently discrediting other approaches. This has often been the case with the disparate economic and feminist approaches to analyzing work and gender. A synthesis of the economic and feminist approaches, however, would provide a more complex, applicable, and efficient tool than the confrontational stance that often pervades discussion. The synthesis process would begin with realizing that, although both theories are extremely valuable methods of achieving an understanding of work, gender and society, neither theory provides a complete picture. Indeed, the very fact that they are such powerful tools, with defined focuses, makes it very difficult for each paradigm to comprehend and incorporate insights foreign to its bias. Such an effective synthesis would emphasize how the focus and methodology of these two stances can be complimentary, and result in the development of a more comprehensive, flexible analytical approach. The economic approach to society, including gender and work, focuses on the workings of an â€Å"invisible hand† which guides forces of supply and demand within a market constructed of aggregates. In this approach, human beings operate by a set of rational rules that are predictable, graphable, and individual. Using these behaviors, economic man weighs the opportunity costs involved in economic choices and makes decisions at the margin to maximize benefits. Deductive reasoning and empirical knowledge comprises the methodology used to explain the interactions of these market forces. Within this purely theoretical world, economics appears to hold no biases that would influence its approach to labor or gender, because it impersonally uses formal models to simply emphasize how wages influence the forces of supply and demand. Economics, however, was not designed to exist as a theoretical construct. Instead, this approach applies the lens of the market to view the intricacies of everyday life as a never-ending cycle of supply and demand interactions.

schindlers list Essay -- essays research papers

Schindlers List is a movie that takes place during WWII. The movie begins in Krakow, Poland just after the collapse of the Polish army, and at the beginning of the German occupation. Oskar Schindler, a tall handsome womanizer arrives in the city looking to open a factory in order to gain profits from the war. At the time, Jewish people were no long permitted to own a business, so Oskar obtains a factory from a Jewish man named Itzhak Stern, and makes Stern his accountant and manager. The two men form a strange relationship, with Oskar taking advantage of Sterns talent, and Stern distrustingly but obediently following Schindlers orders. Schindler goes to the Jewish ghetto to get the rich Jewish people to invest into his factory, and to get the poor Jews to work for him, since they can provide him with cheap labor. By way of the black market, Schindler obtains numerous delicacies such as liquor and hcocolate for the SS and German officers and sends them gift baskets to get on their go od side. Schindler spent his days entertaining the Nazis, and spending time with his numerous women, while leaving the work of running the factory to Itzhak because in Schindlers mind, he was very capable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Schindler met with Stern, he would tell him stories of how the Jews were being treated. Initially, Schindler took these stories as nothing, however as time went on, Schindler began to feel increasingly more impacted about how the Jews were being treated. He w...

Interpersonal Skills

According to Investigated, interpersonal skills are skills used by a person to properly interact with others. In the business domain, the term generally refers to an employee's ability to get along with others while getting the job done. Interpersonal skills include everything from communication and listening skills to attitude and deportment. Good interpersonal skills are a prerequisite for many positions in an organization. (http://www. Investigated. Com/terms/I/interpersonal-skills. SP) My Interpersonal skills: Communication- I believe communication Is vital In everything we do, from relationships to the workforce. I am efficient when I am talking to customers or my coworkers. Conflict- rather It may be In my home or the workplace, I Just take a deep breath and analyze the whole situation. I do what I can to resolve the conflict, because tension only makes the job harder. Anger- I am not easily enraged. I am very self-disciplined and was raised in a good background. Have great wor k ethics and I know how to deal with situations that may seem to be crawling up a wall.I always stay calm. Teamwork- I understand you can't always work alone, so I am also very productive with working in teams and making sure that the team and myself can et everything done and that they can also depend on me. Decisive- I can make good decisions when something doesn't go as planned. Inter Skills Self-Assessment: So tell me about yourself? I am a hard worker and there Is nothing that will slow me down. I had a daughter at an early age of my life and some would say that stops you or slows you down from being able to follow your dream.Well for me It TLD. I wanted to make sure she had everything she needed, so I worked hard to become an electrician as soon as I graduated from high school and from there on in my life I only pursued more knowledge and a higher education. I expanded my horizon to get where I am today and I am still moving forward. What is your greatest weakness? My greatnes s weakness is that I'm very detail oriented so I sometimes spend too much time on one thing. What is your greatest strength? I have great work ethics. When you need me I am there.I make sure my work is done in a professional manner and clean, which sometimes may be time consuming. Tell me about your work history? I have only had three Jobs my whole life. Eve never been a Job bouncer. Started working at sonic soon as I was legal to work. I went to vetch while attending high school to be an electrician, my teacher trusted In my work and my ability to be a good electrician so as soon as I graduated from high school, he put in the good word at the became a security technician. What were your responsibilities? At sonic I worked hard and long hours and became a cook leader.As an electrician I put in receptacles, bent pipe, and pulled wire. As a security technician I do Access Control, Networking, CATV, Burglary, and Fire Why do you want this Job? I want to be in my career doing something that I will love for the rest of my life. Being able to grow and learn as much as I can and one day be able to teach others. Not only that, but making sure my family is secure as well. Challenge and overcome Intellectual Me: Strength: When life seems to get unbearable, I listen to my intellect rather than letting my emotions or feelings run me.The Future: This strength will allow others to trust me when no one else may be able to handle a situation. Challenge: I sometimes get frustrated with others when they let their emotions run wild. Overcome: I will try to understand others more and their background before Judging them, not as a errors, but Just how they handle problems in their life. Moral Me: Strength: I have a very strong work ethic. I like to prove to my boss and coworkers that they can always depend on me and they don't ever have to worry about me not completing the Job.The Future: This strength will continue to open more doors for my future. Challenge: I sometimes spend to o much time trying to make Jobs to perfection, so more time is wasted. Overcome: I plan to work at a faster pace, but make sure everything is in order and that I do not miss any steps. Cultural Me: Strength: I am not ashamed of where I came from and I'm not scared to show others just because of my ethnicity, does not mean I can achieve greatness. The Future: I will work hard to be great at what I do and people will know I'm proud of who I am and where I'm from.Challenge: Somewhere there is always someone will Judge you. Overcome: I will not let it bother me, I will always prove them wrong. Visionary Me: Strength: I always visualize where I want to be in the future and how am I going to do it. With God Eve been successful so far. The Future: I see myself being where I want to be from the hard work and planning that Eve been doing my whole life. Challenge: There is always an obstacle that may slow me down. Overcome: I always find a way to get past it, because I always realize how far Eve made it in the here and now, and to where I want to be in the future.Physical Me: Strength: I'm very athletic. I love to work out and maintain a strong physique and healthy lifestyle. The Future: I plan to stay healthy and stay in shape no matter how old I get. Challenge: I need to slow down on fried foods and start eating healthier. Overcome: I will find a more healthy eating style. Strength: I don't let my emotions get in the way of my work. The Future: My employer will trust my Judgment even in hard times. Challenge: I don't really show my emotions or let them out so after a while I start to break down.Overcome: I plan to start releasing my emotion in some way that will benefit me. Spiritual Me: Strength: I believe in God. I grew up in a strong Christian family. With God Eve always been able to do anything. The Future: Through my faith and knowing that he is God who sent his only begotten son, I know where I'm going when I leave this earth. Challenge: There is always someone who wants to tell me my God is not real and test my faith. Overcome: I will never Judge anyone else or bash what they believe in I will et God do the Judging.Social Me: Strength: I am a very social person and I am not afraid to speak to someone I do not know. The Future: My boss, coworkers, and customers will see that I deal well with communication. Challenge: I don't like to speak to someone who speaks too much. Overcome: I will learn to have patience towards those who speak a lot. Material Me: Strength: If it is not something that I need I will not get it. Materials can wait. The Future: Since I know how to wait on things that catch my eye. I believe if I wait and it comes to me later on, then God blessed me for being patient. Interpersonal Skills Interpersonal skills refer to the skills individuals need when they interact with other people. Also, the meaning of interpersonal skills has a number of synonyms, such as social skills, soft skills, people skills, or communication skills. I chose the pop culture assignment because I like media related information and relating areas of life to it. The clip I chose to present was from the Andy Griffith Show, called â€Å"Citizen’s Arrest. † Some interpersonal communications techniques that are used include kinesics (Wood, 126), paralanguage (Wood, 133), listening for information (Wood, 157), loaded language (Wood, 99) and artifacts (Wood, 129).The most used is paralanguage and kinesics. In this episode of The Andy Griffith Show, Barney is sitting in his police car and sees Gomer Pyle get in his truck after leaving the post office and do an illegal U-turn. Barney proceeds to pull Gomer over and block his truck in. At this point, it is very apparent that Barney is agitated . The nonverbal communication he is using is kinesics. Kinesics is the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, or facial expressions (Wood, 126).Kinesics can also be considered body language and eye contact. Our body language signals a great deal about us and how we are feeling at a particular time. Body language and eye contact are key indicators of how we as a society function. Wood states that attorneys have used body language to sway jurors, and customers tip better if their server maintains eye contact during their stay. Throughout the clip, kinesics is frequently used by everyone in the scene from Barney and his agitation, to Gomer being completely confused and later equally agitated.Artifacts are used by everyone â€Å"to announce their identities and to project a particular image to others† (Wood, 129-130). Artifacts are personal objects with which we announce our identities and personalize our environments (Wood, 129). During this clip, Barn ey’s artifact is his police uniform, while Gomer’s artifact is his mechanics uniform. His crooked hat also shows that he perceived as being simple. From the beginning of the clip where Barney pulls Gomer over to the end of the clip, Barney uses paralanguage to communicate.Paralanguage is the way in which you say words, including volume, pitch, speaking rate, and voice quality, as well sounds that are not words. He is talking loudly, or yelling, at Gomer. Paralanguage is also vocal communication that doesn't involve words, such as sounds like gasps and murmurs. Paralanguage is used throughout the clip, by everyone including Barney, Gomer, and the onlookers. When Gomer calls out â€Å"Citizen’s arrest, citizen’s arrest,† after Barney proceeds to do an illegal U-turn, the onlookers cheer for putting Barney is his place.When Andy Griffith comes to find out what is going on, Barney wants to put up a fight about having to write himself a ticket. The onlo okers continue their paralanguage by groaning and murmuring to get Barney to write the ticket. It is at this point that Andy Griffith comes over and starts to listen for information. This is when people want to gain and evaluate information (Wood, 157). He is trying to get to the bottom of all the conflict that is happening in the streets. He is being mindful of both Barney and Gomer by staying focused on the situation and asking questions to get more information.Barney uses loaded language at this point in the clip, as well as one other time later on. He calls Gomer a, â€Å"Boob. † Loaded language refers to language that triggers strong emotional and negative responses (Wood, 99). For example, calling an older person â€Å"geezer† or â€Å"old fogey† is loaded language. During this clip, Barney is speaking emotionally charged words. During this episode of the Andy Griffith show, many styles of verbal and nonverbal communication were used. Kinesics and paralang uage are the most used during the clip.Just watching this episode reminds me that people have many ways to communicate. Although we ought to be setting examples for others to follow, we also need to remember that we ought to treat others as we would like to be treated.Works Cited Wood, J. , Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters, 7th ed. , Published by Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2013. â€Å"Citizen’s Arrest,† The Andy Griffith Show. Writ. Everett Greenbaum ;amp; Jim Fritzell. Dir. Dick Crenna. December 16, 1963. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=rwEvysDpNm0;amp;feature=fvwrel Interpersonal Skills Interpersonal skills refer to the skills individuals need when they interact with other people. Also, the meaning of interpersonal skills has a number of synonyms, such as social skills, soft skills, people skills, or communication skills. I chose the pop culture assignment because I like media related information and relating areas of life to it. The clip I chose to present was from the Andy Griffith Show, called â€Å"Citizen’s Arrest. † Some interpersonal communications techniques that are used include kinesics (Wood, 126), paralanguage (Wood, 133), listening for information (Wood, 157), loaded language (Wood, 99) and artifacts (Wood, 129).The most used is paralanguage and kinesics. In this episode of The Andy Griffith Show, Barney is sitting in his police car and sees Gomer Pyle get in his truck after leaving the post office and do an illegal U-turn. Barney proceeds to pull Gomer over and block his truck in. At this point, it is very apparent that Barney is agitated . The nonverbal communication he is using is kinesics. Kinesics is the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, or facial expressions (Wood, 126).Kinesics can also be considered body language and eye contact. Our body language signals a great deal about us and how we are feeling at a particular time. Body language and eye contact are key indicators of how we as a society function. Wood states that attorneys have used body language to sway jurors, and customers tip better if their server maintains eye contact during their stay. Throughout the clip, kinesics is frequently used by everyone in the scene from Barney and his agitation, to Gomer being completely confused and later equally agitated.Artifacts are used by everyone â€Å"to announce their identities and to project a particular image to others† (Wood, 129-130). Artifacts are personal objects with which we announce our identities and personalize our environments (Wood, 129). During this clip, Barn ey’s artifact is his police uniform, while Gomer’s artifact is his mechanics uniform. His crooked hat also shows that he perceived as being simple. From the beginning of the clip where Barney pulls Gomer over to the end of the clip, Barney uses paralanguage to communicate.Paralanguage is the way in which you say words, including volume, pitch, speaking rate, and voice quality, as well sounds that are not words. He is talking loudly, or yelling, at Gomer. Paralanguage is also vocal communication that doesn't involve words, such as sounds like gasps and murmurs. Paralanguage is used throughout the clip, by everyone including Barney, Gomer, and the onlookers. When Gomer calls out â€Å"Citizen’s arrest, citizen’s arrest,† after Barney proceeds to do an illegal U-turn, the onlookers cheer for putting Barney is his place.When Andy Griffith comes to find out what is going on, Barney wants to put up a fight about having to write himself a ticket. The onlo okers continue their paralanguage by groaning and murmuring to get Barney to write the ticket. It is at this point that Andy Griffith comes over and starts to listen for information. This is when people want to gain and evaluate information (Wood, 157). He is trying to get to the bottom of all the conflict that is happening in the streets. He is being mindful of both Barney and Gomer by staying focused on the situation and asking questions to get more information.Barney uses loaded language at this point in the clip, as well as one other time later on. He calls Gomer a, â€Å"Boob. † Loaded language refers to language that triggers strong emotional and negative responses (Wood, 99). For example, calling an older person â€Å"geezer† or â€Å"old fogey† is loaded language. During this clip, Barney is speaking emotionally charged words. During this episode of the Andy Griffith show, many styles of verbal and nonverbal communication were used. Kinesics and paralang uage are the most used during the clip.Just watching this episode reminds me that people have many ways to communicate. Although we ought to be setting examples for others to follow, we also need to remember that we ought to treat others as we would like to be treated.Works Cited Wood, J. , Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters, 7th ed. , Published by Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2013. â€Å"Citizen’s Arrest,† The Andy Griffith Show. Writ. Everett Greenbaum ;amp; Jim Fritzell. Dir. Dick Crenna. December 16, 1963. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=rwEvysDpNm0;amp;feature=fvwrel Interpersonal Skills Interpersonal skills refer to the skills individuals need when they interact with other people. Also, the meaning of interpersonal skills has a number of synonyms, such as social skills, soft skills, people skills, or communication skills. I chose the pop culture assignment because I like media related information and relating areas of life to it. The clip I chose to present was from the Andy Griffith Show, called â€Å"Citizen’s Arrest. † Some interpersonal communications techniques that are used include kinesics (Wood, 126), paralanguage (Wood, 133), listening for information (Wood, 157), loaded language (Wood, 99) and artifacts (Wood, 129).The most used is paralanguage and kinesics. In this episode of The Andy Griffith Show, Barney is sitting in his police car and sees Gomer Pyle get in his truck after leaving the post office and do an illegal U-turn. Barney proceeds to pull Gomer over and block his truck in. At this point, it is very apparent that Barney is agitated . The nonverbal communication he is using is kinesics. Kinesics is the study of communication through body movements, stances, gestures, or facial expressions (Wood, 126).Kinesics can also be considered body language and eye contact. Our body language signals a great deal about us and how we are feeling at a particular time. Body language and eye contact are key indicators of how we as a society function. Wood states that attorneys have used body language to sway jurors, and customers tip better if their server maintains eye contact during their stay. Throughout the clip, kinesics is frequently used by everyone in the scene from Barney and his agitation, to Gomer being completely confused and later equally agitated.Artifacts are used by everyone â€Å"to announce their identities and to project a particular image to others† (Wood, 129-130). Artifacts are personal objects with which we announce our identities and personalize our environments (Wood, 129). During this clip, Barn ey’s artifact is his police uniform, while Gomer’s artifact is his mechanics uniform. His crooked hat also shows that he perceived as being simple. From the beginning of the clip where Barney pulls Gomer over to the end of the clip, Barney uses paralanguage to communicate.Paralanguage is the way in which you say words, including volume, pitch, speaking rate, and voice quality, as well sounds that are not words. He is talking loudly, or yelling, at Gomer. Paralanguage is also vocal communication that doesn't involve words, such as sounds like gasps and murmurs. Paralanguage is used throughout the clip, by everyone including Barney, Gomer, and the onlookers. When Gomer calls out â€Å"Citizen’s arrest, citizen’s arrest,† after Barney proceeds to do an illegal U-turn, the onlookers cheer for putting Barney is his place.When Andy Griffith comes to find out what is going on, Barney wants to put up a fight about having to write himself a ticket. The onlo okers continue their paralanguage by groaning and murmuring to get Barney to write the ticket. It is at this point that Andy Griffith comes over and starts to listen for information. This is when people want to gain and evaluate information (Wood, 157). He is trying to get to the bottom of all the conflict that is happening in the streets. He is being mindful of both Barney and Gomer by staying focused on the situation and asking questions to get more information.Barney uses loaded language at this point in the clip, as well as one other time later on. He calls Gomer a, â€Å"Boob. † Loaded language refers to language that triggers strong emotional and negative responses (Wood, 99). For example, calling an older person â€Å"geezer† or â€Å"old fogey† is loaded language. During this clip, Barney is speaking emotionally charged words. During this episode of the Andy Griffith show, many styles of verbal and nonverbal communication were used. Kinesics and paralang uage are the most used during the clip.Just watching this episode reminds me that people have many ways to communicate. Although we ought to be setting examples for others to follow, we also need to remember that we ought to treat others as we would like to be treated.Works Cited Wood, J. , Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters, 7th ed. , Published by Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2013. â€Å"Citizen’s Arrest,† The Andy Griffith Show. Writ. Everett Greenbaum ;amp; Jim Fritzell. Dir. Dick Crenna. December 16, 1963. http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=rwEvysDpNm0;amp;feature=fvwrel

Critical Evaluation Of The Operations Management Commerce Essay

The essay is about to critical measure the operations direction scheme of Hard Rock Cafe as described in the instance stuffs, and discourse the operations direction challenges every bit good as the chances when Hard Rock Cafe sing expand their concern in Hanoi-Vietnam. In the essay, text edition, cyberspace, academic researches will be mentioned to back up the critical evaluates operations direction, challenges and chances issues. Harmonizing to Heizer EL at. , ( 2011 ) , â€Å" Operations direction is defined as any activities that relate to the creative activity of goods and services through the transmutation of inputs and end products † , while operation directors play an of import function in the direction procedure. â€Å" The direction procedure contains be aftering, forming, staffing, taking, and commanding † . ( Heizer el at. , 2011 ) . In the instance stuffs provided, we will measure 10 critical determinations of Operations directions which are goods and service design, managing quality, procedure and capacity design, location scheme, layout scheme, HR and occupation design, supply-chain direction, stock list, programming and last determination is care to see whether how good Hard Rock cafe applied these determinations in their operation direction ( Heizer el at. , 2011 ) . We will measure few determinations amongst those 10 determinations to allow people hold a wide position of how Difficult Rock Cafe applies these determinations to run their concern. For goods and service design, what services/products should Cafe give to clients? That is really of import issue to Hard Rock Management. As we ‘ve known, Hard Rock is in cordial reception industry. If they provide products/services wrongly, it would take the company to ruin. Follow the Hard Rock instance survey, due to the planetary economic alterations, differences in concern jurisprudence, a batch of hazard factors that make Difficult Rock Cafe alterations from planetary Strategy into multi-domestic scheme. Multi-domestic scheme is â€Å" a scheme that companies in each market makes their operating determinations independently of others oversea markets † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //tutor2u.net ) . In here, company decided to franchise a big figure of their coffeehouse by fall ining with opened cafe such as in Manchester and Birmingham, which try to pull local occupants involve in their concern due to this topographic point is non a common topographic point for tourer, where people in here are rather conservative. This determination would do them to redesign their goods and services to run into with the local gustatory sensation. Differences state would hold different cultural, linguistic communications, concern patterns. For illustration: Hard Rock cafe in Kuwait would necessitate to alter their bill of fares because they ca n't eat porc. All merchandises are related to porc are prohibited every bit good as intoxicant while in US where people can eat porc, imbibe intoxicant with no limitation due to difference faiths and jurisprudence every bit good ( Muslim in Kuwait and chiefly Catholic, Protestant, Buddhism in US ) . ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hardrock.com ) Another issue is pull offing quality. Base on Rose EL at. , ( 2005 ) , â€Å" direction quality is looked at 4 issues: quality planning, quality control, quality confidence and quality betterment † . Hard Rock Cafe has been focused on quality control and betterment by study. It has been done on a regular basis with rate from 1 to 7. If the mark is non reached score 7 that mean the nutrients and services will be reviewed. The company has changed their bill of fare to fit with local gustatory sensation every bit good as upgrade their bill of fare. They are non merely concentrate on their traditional nutrient such as beefburgers and beefs but besides look for high category of nutrient like fishes, lobsters. Although clients go to Hard Rock Cafe because they love music, atmosphere, environment, that is the chief ground but high quality of nutrient which show in bill of fare would be value-added to Hard Rock Cafe repute and brand clients come once more. Cianfrani el at. , ( 2009 ) told that: â€Å" Quality direction could alter some of the direction rules. This can assist exceed degree direction to increase the company ‘s public presentation every bit good as satisfy the client ‘s demand † . This issue is really of import for the company which they are strongly focused on client because most of the Hard Rock Cafe ‘ clients are tourers while a minority is a local occupant ( Heizer el at. , 2011 ) . When the company changes their services/products, they besides need to believe of their existing supply concatenation direction. Mentzer et al. , ( 2001 ) stated that: â€Å" Supply concatenation direction is seen as a mechanism to keep competition in domestic markets, in visible radiation of increasing planetary competition † . The company chooses to upgrade their bill of fare that would reconstitute their supply concatenation direction because they will necessitate new providers every bit good as possibly extinguish some old providers. Hard Rock Cafe does non desire excessively much on beefs and beefburgers ; they want to add more expensive material such as fishes and lobsters which would pull a wider scope of clients every bit good as lift the degree of Hard Rock Cafe one measure higher. Top degree directions besides need to see on the distribution web of new providers. Where are their warehouses, distribution centres, figure of networking, who are their clients? What are payment footings? Can they present goods so we play subsequently or we need to play upfront before they bringing goods? All those things need to see really careful because it will impact to the cost of the repast subsequently on. If the warehouse of new provider is excessively far, it would make a large job when we run out of nutrient to fix repast for clients. Furthermore, if the company has to do full payment before they deliver goods, it would be an issue to direction degree to see because if we can pay them subsequently in a certain twenty-four hours after we receive goods, that is so much better, we can utilize that money to make something else to do more money and pay the provider subsequently. Location for Hard Rock Cafe would a large issue to see when choose the location. A batch of things would impact such as political hazard, currency hazard, societal norms, trade name tantrum, and concern patterns ( Heizer el at. , 2011 ) . Political hazard is defined as â€Å" Probability of loss due to political instability in the purchaser ‘s state that may ensue in cancellation of a licence or otherwise impact the purchaser ‘s ability to do payments. Political hazards are insurable hazards, and overlap with the political constituent of force majeure hazards † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.businessdictionary.com ) . It is the chief concern when taking location. Thailand will be a good illustration. Recently, Thailand has a batch of work stoppages which would do investors worry. It will besides impact tourer industry due to a batch of cancellation circuit to Thailand during work stoppage ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.thaipro.com ) . While concern patt ern is another issue Hard Rock Cafe demand to concern. â€Å" The regulative model in Thailand is rather good but whether it is put into pattern is a different issue † ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.reuters.com ) . The concern environment in Thailand late is traveling down. Corruptness is increasing severely. If company wants to spread out concern in Thailand, this issue would be sing carefully while most of the concerns try to avoid bribing, they want to make clean concern particularly some companies come from developed states such as United State, Australia. Maintenance would acquire affect as the scheme of Hard Rock Cafe has changed to franchise with opened eating house or cafe . This mean they need to redesign the current cafe/restaurant so that will suit local cultural but it will non lose the Hard Rock ‘s ocular visual aspect. Securency Company is an illustration for corrupting. Securency is a joint company between Reserve Bank Australia and British company call Innovia Films. â€Å" Several former and functioning Securency executives engaged in graft to win trades in Vietnam, Nigeria, Malaysia and Indonesia. † Securency Company has been investigated and graft for some middle-men in order to win the trades oversea has been probed. If Hard Rock Cafe gets involve in this sort of graft, this will destruct all the repute that Hard Rock Cafe has tried to construct up decennaries ago every bit good as it will take to shuting down a batch of concern if the graft is proved. Human resource direction is besides an of import affair for company. Armstrong ( 2006 ) stated that: â€Å" Human resource direction is the strategic and consistent attack to the direction of an organisation ‘s most valued assets: the people working there who separately and jointly lend to the accomplishment of the aims † . Nowadays, most of the company is truly pay attending about human resource. It can assist the company win over their rivals. For eating house industry, merchandises are of import but services could be an excess point to pull client come back. How Difficult Rock could make it? The company needs to supply the â€Å" better services, cheaper monetary value and faster response † to vie with their rivals ( Blackwell et al. , 2001 ) . Staff turnover is another issue particularly in eating house industry due to really high turnover of employees, around 80 % to 100 % per twelvemonth ( Heizer el at. , 2011 ) . Hard Rock Cafe is successfully in keep really low per centum of staff turnover by Lashkar-e-Taiba employees make full in each twenty-four hours schedule what day/shift they would wish to work base on their degree and how of import they are at each displacement. The intent is to equilibrate work and normal life of staff every bit good as will non allow over-employee between two displacements. This method works really good as Hard Rock staffs love that method and it helps to cut down the staff turnover which is per centum of staff turnover in eating house industry is really high. Although staffs at Hard Rock Cafe are music lover, happy with the working environment but for normal living life, they can non populate without money. So company should hold sensible salary system in order to assist their staffs afford to normal life cost. There is an accusing of an anon. server staff in of the Hard Rock Cafe in United Kingdom that he/she was acquiring paid under the national lower limit rewards which is 2.06 lb per hr while national minimal rewards is around 5.73 lb per hr ( hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk ) . Employees in Hard Rock Cafe in London are trusting on tips of client to force their rewards to national minimal rewards. These tips could come from hard currency, recognition card tips but we do non cognize all those tip will be distributed reasonably to staffs or the company will maintain them and give portion of it staffs merely. This affair is really of import. Salary would a tool to stimulus the public presentation of employees which could do them work harder, dynamic and enthusiasm. If this affair is proven, the company will be fined and leads to rivals get derive more market portion which is belong to company. In order to spread out concern in Ha Noi, Vietnam, Hard Rock needs to look at challenges and chances before make concluding determination. These challenges and chances are mention below: Based on General Statistics Office of Vietnam, Ha noi is about 3345 km2 with more than 6.5 1000000s of people which is around 1935 person/km2 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.gso.gov.vn ) . We can see in here, will little country with a batch of people live in, so it is really difficult to happen location to open a new concern in here. Location is a chief concern of company which is easy to entree ; locate around Central Business District where a batch of traveller and people can see their logo. Furthermore, existent estate monetary value in Ha Noi is really high comparison to other metropoliss so that company would necessitate to see rental or purchase it out ( hypertext transfer protocol: //vietbao.vn ) . That would be added to the cost of repast which would be an issue in competitory with other rivals. Another challenge is cultural differences. Cultural differences could do a batch of job which Hard Rock needs to happen out when be aftering to make concern in Vietnam. Eye contact is an of import to state whether we respect opposite individual or non. For Western cultural, when people are speaking, it is impolite if we do non look at each other ‘s eyes. But in many Asiatic states such as Japan and Vietnam, they can non look at their higher-up ‘s eyes otherwise it means you have no regard for them. If you do that so, that mean you show your regard to them ( Moran el at. , 2007 ) . Posture/Gesture can do misinterpretation every bit good if two concern work forces from difference states with difference cultural. In Vietnam, it would be friendly if two people stand near, remain small spread between two people but in western manner, it should be a spread ( at least one metre ) when they are speaking to each other, it is consider polite. On the other manus, handshaking would differences between Asiatic cultural and Western cultural. Western people prefer steadfast handshaking, that show their regard to concern spouse every bit good as trustworthy while in Asia, particularly in Vietnam, house handshaking should be avoided while people think it is ill-mannered, un-educated, non being friendly to think. Those things are really of import because if they do non understand Vietnamese cultural, it might make jobs between flat direction of Hard Rock towards their employees. This is non good for concern as it will make the spread between degree direction and employees, hapl ess public presentations, people might desire to discontinue due to defeated, do non like working environment. Currency hazard is another hazard factor. At the minute, the exchange rate between US dollar and Vietnamese dong is really high which is 1 US dollar can alter to 19500 VND ( www.eximbank.com ) . If Difficult Rock would wish to convey their goods over from US to maintain original gustatory sensation, it would do the monetary value of each repast addition due to value of VND is decrease plus no transportation cost from US to Hanoi if they buy those merchandises in Vietnam. The rise and autumn of exchange rate could do company hold more competitory advantage to rival but it would be a catastrophe subsequently on so that advantage would turn to disfavor every bit Hard Rock Cafe scheme wants local occupants get affect along with tourers. In Vietnam legal model is rather good but it is non applied. Intellectual belongings right is an illustration. It is non protected even Vietnam has signed a batch understanding which promised to protect the right of first publication but it does non set it in pattern ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vietnam-ustrade.org ) . The per centum of right of first publication violation is still high at 85 % , same at twelvemonth 2007, 2008 ( hypertext transfer protocol: //phapluattp.vn ) . Hard Rock Cafe can be set up today but following few hebdomads, another Cafe might be unfastened and all the repasts, layout, manners, music would be similar or somewhat differences. It will impact the trade name name of Hard Rock if clients come in, still though that is Difficult Rock Cafe and they have bad serves or nutrient toxic condition. Disregard those challenges above, Ha Noi is still a possible topographic point for investor to see when unfastened concern in here. First, Hanoi is capital of Vietnam with labour force 1.6 million of people while 43 % of them are under age of 35 ; it means 400.000 people enter the market every twenty-four hours ( hypertext transfer protocol: //industrialzone.vn ) . Furthermore, GDP per capital of Vietnam is about $ 1156 USD/year which is really low comparisons to US. It means, company has more option in choosing staffs but pay less money than in US market ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dfat.gov.au ) . That would salvage a batch money for company while in US immense money has been paid off for HR and vocalists. This is an advantage when unfastened concern in Hanoi. Second, supply concatenation direction would non be a job because people can come to Hanoi by three chief ways: railroad, roadway and air passage. Hanoi is besides a get downing point of a batch national main road such as Number 1A national main road, Number 3, 5 national route and NoiBai airdrome is about 40km off merely every bit good as near to 5 large industry zones which they can provide most of the demands for Hard Rock ( hypertext transfer protocol: //industrialzone.vn ) . It is easy to present goods for company on a regular basis and on clip so company will non be run out of stock even in peak period. Third, since 1990, economic sciences of Vietnam is turning really fast. GDP of Vietnam is about 7 % turning continuously while GDP per capital is at $ 725 USD in 2006 goes up to $ 1156 USD in 2010 which is about double in 4 old ages clip. We can see bright economic system, turning really fast which is a possible market with around 90 1000000s of people ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dfat.gov.au ) . That could open for Hard Rock a batch of opportunities while invest in Vietnam as a batch of US companies did it long clip ago such as IBM, Intel and many more US companies. Intel is good illustration in investing. They merely announced to make up one's mind to do the $ 1 billion investing in a comparative fledgling to the hi-tech game – Vietnam ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usatoday.com ) . This determination is good intelligence for Vietnam which could make a hundred 1000 occupations in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City every bit good as could convey back immense net incomes for Intel in the hereafter as labour cost in Vietnam is rather inexpensive but extremely educated. In decision, ten operation direction determinations play an of import function in making concern of company. Those determinations mentioned supra are non all of 10 determinations but it would demo out how of import 10 operation direction determinations in pull offing quality, better public presentation of employees, create new goods/services in order to accommodate to the fast changing of planetary economic. If Hard Rock Cafe can go on to execute as they are making right now, it would be the strength and a competitory border toward their rivals.