Research About Students with Parents Working Abroad Essay

Tool. A person or a thing used to accomplish another’s purposes, to convey, & somebody who is manipulated to carry out tasks. It also refers to the process of how the data of this study is gathered & collected. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.) Spirituality. The quality or condition of being spiritual. It also refers to the subject of the study which is one of the many roles that a nurse has, & it is relentlessly provided to the appropriate respondents. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.) Hospital. An institution where people receive medical, surgical, or psychiatric treatment and nursing care. It also refers to the location of the study conducted. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.) Experience. Knowledge or skill gained through being involved in or exposed to something over a period of time. It is used as the extent of the respondent’s awareness. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.) Practice. To work in a profession, especially law or medicine. Refers to the respondent’s profession which is adopted in the study. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.) Patient. Somebody who receives medical treatment. It is the respondents in the SACH which is given spirituality care by the nurse respondents. It also refers to one of the subjects of the study. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.) Demographic Data. The characteristics of a human population or part of it, especially its size, growth, density, distribution, and statistics regarding birth, marriage, disease, and death. In this study it refers to the number of respondents in SACH that is to be used in the study. (Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2009.  © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation.) Level of Awareness. Relating to or having knowledge of something from having observed it or been told about it. In this study, it represents the total number of correctness of the respondents to the answers in the provided questionnaires on their level of awareness about spiritual care in both nurses & patients in SACH.

Disputes between the European Union and the Rest of the world Essay

Disputes between the European Union and the Rest of the world Introduction                   The sheer size of the EU sheer markets as well as its vast experience of more than forty years in negotiating international trade agreements has made it become the most powerful trading bloc in the world. Moreover, it has become a formidable power through trade, hence creating more problems with the rest of the world. The EU has increasingly used its market access as a bargaining chip to obtain changes within the domestic arena of its trading partners, starting with labor standards to development policies, and internationally, ranging from global governance to foreign policy. Therefore, this paper mainly analyses EU’s power in trade a factor that has made it create tension with the rest of the world. The analysis includes major dilemmas that are associated with how it exercises its trade power and point out why these strategies create tension with other international states. The argument also includes the need for the EU to refine it initial strat egies of accommodation for it to successfully transform its structural power to be more effective and hence have a more legitimate influence.                   Among the first goals of the EU as a trade power is using its power to secure concessions from others on market access. This makes it function as an economic globalization determinant or shaper. Basically, the EU is using its trade power to achieve non-trade objectives that range from the export-specific rules flanking market integration such as social, environment and safety standards to a more political or strategic linkage (Haughton, 2007).The rest of the world is therefore left to wonder if such use of trade power ultimately matters in geopolitical terms. Power in trade                   When we compare the EU and the US, there is no significant difference in the way the two exercise their power in trade at the bilateral levels mostly through agreements that they often have over their access to the market for their goods, capital and services in other regions. Agreements with EU have usually been involved more on reciprocal concessions over tariffs, quotas, and technical barriers to trade. However, concessions can sometimes be asymmetrical, either due to the fact that the EU could be making steeper cuts, or due to the fact that the value of the EU cuts could be greater following the size of the market. Failure to withstand such asymmetries means that the EU, similar to the US, uses preferential bilateral agreements to pry open the available markets that are found in the South as an exchange for accessing its own markets. Regionally, EU power has taken the form of less specific reciprocal concessions. As more nations across the world join regional trading blocs, the aim of the EU is to realize economies of scale through bloc-to-bloc deals. Such first bi-regional trade agreement is still being negotiated since 2000 mainly involving the EU and Mercosur, which is a customs union between Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay created in 1991. It is to be followed by ASEAN (the Association of South East Asian Nations) as new economic partnership agreements (EPAs) with, among others, the Caribbean countries and the Gulf Cooperation Council. It cannot be denied that in Latin America especially, have taken such moves partly in consideration to reaction by USA’s own drive towards regionalism.                   EU’s involvement in multilateral bargaining at the global level has been shaped by its relationship to the US. These two great trade powers have for so long been engaged in what is seen by the rest of the world as a battle of the titans, as each side has been trying to ensure that each of them has a continued access balance towards the market through trade and regulatory deals, if not, to resort to dispute settlement (Grabbe, 2006). As that continues, they have also tried using their trade power to exert their rule of ‘western hegemony’ over the developing world, especially towards the so-called ‘new issues’ that pertain to services as well as intellectual property that were initially introduced during the Uruguay Round. Of late little co-operation has existed between the EU–US regulatory and these two powers have kind of began pursuing sharply diverging tactics, that came up with opposing alliances during the Hong Kong meeting of the Doha Round in December 2005. Power through trade                   The EU tends to be more attached to not only multilateral forms of trade relations but also to the premises of embedded liberalism. Contrary to the US case; the EU’s use of trade in order to achieve non-trade objectives has some pride as a potential instrument of Europe’s geopolitical power. Whilst little doubt exists in regards to the EU being considered as one of the top players in world trade, there has been a lot of keen interest while assessing EU’s identity as a ‘power’ in general. They have however put across various qualifiers in characterizing a mode of influence that can enable them to manipulate others and make them perform according to the interest of the EU.                   Existence of the shift from a post-war to a post-Cold War paradigm of economic hegemony does not seem to be towards only increasing interventionism inside the affairs of trading partners, that even other nations apart from EU promotes. It has also taken other forms absent in the subservience of trade to security imperatives, the power to be yielded from asymmetries in such interdependence, and the ends of increased interdependence, as scrutinized under a mode demanding criteria of legitimacy. Even as the US tries to promote some specific features of an open trading system that tend to serve its domestic interests, the EU instead has been increasingly engaged in a more clever game where values, interests, and model are blurred. It does not just try to promote openness, but are more concern with openness ‘the EU way’. Considering the fact that the EU itself is a system of market liberalization, external efforts that it encourages are regarding replication more than domination                   Most groupings that have come up in the last decade seem to have done so majorly to increase their bargaining power within the trade negotiations against the EU and the US. They forget that having a closer relation to other regions around the world tend to be a means of enhancing the normative power of the EU and a reflection of this power. This is because such EU outstanding context and unique character as an integrative policy among other states is shown to be important. It is not US as a federal state which is relevant to integration among countries, but the EU as a federal union. Therefore, it seems the EU’s support for regional organizations like the Pacific Islands Forum and the African Union is linked to a particular expectation of contribution not only to the economic integration but also to the prevention, management and resolution of inter-state conflicts.                   However, while the EU has considered itself to be the judge of what is right or wrong as a trade power, there is some evidence showing that as a union it is indeed a conflicted trade power. This is a fact since within its different guiding principles; there are various policies which directly contradict each other (Teorell, 2010). Regionalism vs. Multilateralism                   A lot of debate has been going on, whether regional trade agreements have been indeed building blocks or they are just stumbling blocks for multilateralism. The claim by the EU has always been that they are indeed building blocks. This was demonstrated when it defended the relevance of its own approach to the Uruguay Round agenda; as both the EU as well as the GATT at the same time tried to explore the fresh basis of trade in services, of course, with diverse ambitions as to the extent of liberalization. While it was a key player in the launching of the Doha Round, it is also becoming an active promoter of regionalism.                   The question then left to ask is whether these two factions are compatible. Following the sudden jump in terms of free trade agreements to more than 300 like in 2001, the shocking thing is that the WTO has not been able to reach agreement even on a single case report towards any regional agreement in spite of them vowing to participate in the role of regional trade committees. This is in contrast to the Appellate Body which has taken on the issue, for example, they suggested on the need to apply some kind of ‘necessity test’, towards a recent ground-breaking case, where by Turkey and EU were condemned after they increased unnecessary barriers to Indian textiles when Turkey decided to enter its customs union with Europe. Following the move the EU is still drawing lessons. Of course, such judgment may act as an inspiration to the EU policy-makers in their endeavor devise strategies of accommodation trying to tame the trade-diverting effects on regionalism. As an alternative, on the region-to-region front, there could be a possible insertion of clauses that link the implementation of market access deals with progress on the multilateral front, just like it was done with ASEAN. EU’s regionalism can also come under conflict with bilateral agendas of their own partners. Trials by the EU’s strategy of encouraging regional co-operation in the Balkans have come into conflict following its use of trade linkages for domestic change.                   Also, as was realized in the Euro-Med context when the EU sought to draw lessons from past relations with the Mediterranean after its multi-lateralized its relations and encouraged trade among the southern partners by changing its rules of origins and allowance of accumulation, for example, aggregation between the value added to the southern nations. However, following lack of consensus between these economies, such approach has not yet been judged to bear fruit, (Knodt & Jà ¼nemann, 2007). There could be a need for more drastic incentives. Continued systematic promotion of regionalism could be of harm indeed to the EU’s proclaimed development goals. Like, when some analysts argue that being engaged in urging of rapid regional integration in Francophone West Africa was seen as a great contributing factor towards the subsequent instability in the region. The EU sought free movement of goods in this case, but not people, but failing to provide a re distributive wealth mechanism that was to deal with adjustment costs and at the same time undermined government social programs.                   Moreover, most of the deals negotiated throughout the 1990s under the watch of the New Transatlantic Agenda between the EU and the US tended to be vulnerable to similar criticism. In a way they have had a trial to the feasibility of exporting the approach by the EU of market integration through regulatory mutual recognition by the US. However, still it is important for the EU and the US to design such agreements as well as their supporting mechanisms better and make them be open to those who are new who might take the approach of respecting the standards adopted trans-atlantically. Non-discrimination vs. Bilateral preferential relations                   What can be seen as a major variant on the multilateralism –regionalism dilemmas tend to be increasing tension between the vowed commitment of the EU to international trade law, more specifically the highly favored-nation (MFN) principle, as well as the desire of the EU to be able to maintain preferential trading relations with specific countries. The agreement by the EU to the concept of ‘trade distorting’ regimes that stems from some of its members’ colonial pasts, exceeding the entire preferential market access granted to ACP countries, may of course sound as an objective even more commendable as compared to the MFN pursuit of global justice. However, it is important for EU to be clear on the price it has to pay for this moral luxury. Therefore, establishing such tension between international law and special relations tend to be acting geopolitically pitting two sets of developing countries against one another.                   Likewise, the 2001 Everything But Arms initiative (EBA) involvement in granting duty and quota-free access to the entire exports but not where arms and munitions are involved from the least countries that are less developed has faced criticism for excluding the key crops such as sugar, rice and bananas until 2009, as well as for leading in discriminatory practices among developing countries. Vulnerable and small economies that have been included tend to be bound to displace the exports of the same but some countries were excluded. Some States like the Caribbean or the Bangladesh members of the ACP group got a chance to benefit from this preferential trading arrangement with the EU. The WTO has many times condemned such policies. However, most of the member states, like UK, France, or Portugal who are former colonial powers, would not be keen on abandoning a system that is designed to eradicate poverty for the poorest farmers around the world who have bec ome dependent on inflated EU prices. In this instance, the EU has chosen a classic strategy of accommodation: progressive graduation as well as the negotiation of transition systems. Based on the multilateral constraint, EU’s only remaining power tend to lie with determining the speed of transfer of adjustment costs with its trading partners and its import intermediaries.                   This kind of negative power is doomed to unpopularity. Therefore, by EU presenting a new deal like in 2005 of cutting guaranteed sugar prices by 36 per cent over four years, it was predictably criticized on all sides, attacked based on the fact that it was reforming the detriment of poor sugar exporting countries and it was failing to move much further. Somehow, the EU seems to have taken firm grounds stand, ironically, even playing around with the non-discriminatory obligations that are contained within the GSP, at least as under the rule of the WTO 2004 appellate body ruling on EU vs. India. In this case, India was challenging the EU’s modified GSP which tend to provide an additional margin of preference on the part of recipients with drugs enforcement policies where the Commission was involved in inventing the entire list of beneficiaries of the programme without considering any objective criteria. Seen as a brilliant compromise given to the EU given by the AB, the benefit of the doubt based on the fact that indeed the right to modify preferential treatment was not subject to a simplistic constraint of identical treatment among beneficiaries, (Tocci, N., 2007). The AB argued that different developing countries were not situated on the same way when it comes to their different needs and hence could possibly be subject to ‘performance requirements’ as long as the approach were objective, transparent, as well as non-discriminatory in the broad sense. What question perhaps remains to be tested is what are acceptable conditionalities more generally? In a sense, it was important for the EU to develop a more universal approach as to where to draw the line. Western Hegemony Vs. Mediating Power                   An area which has also brought tension is in the EU’s alliance strategy as well as the light it portrays on what kind of actor it really wants to become. As a matter of fact, is it possible for the EU to play the part of the nervous protectionist North (agriculture), the rich liberal North (services), as well as the mediator between the South and the North? Taking the ‘rich North,’ is it necessary for it to generally to always take the US side for it to protect their shared commercial interests? Or it should go for emphasizing its vocation as a mediating power on the global scene, especially between the developing world and the US but at the same time, increasingly, between different interests in the developing world itself? Just as was recently demonstrated by controversies in the Doha Round, not only do multilateral trade negotiations are asking how much liberalization, but they are also asking what kind of liberalization as well as for whose benefit The Uruguay Round basically represent the culmination of an assertive US–EU alliance bent towards a commercially driven line in addition to a grand bargain between their reluctant acceptance of (partial) opening on some tropical/agricultural products and a (delayed) opening on textile, as an exchange for introducing fresh issues within the newly created WTO. In particular, intellectual property issues have exposed the EU to a lot of criticism that comes from the developing world due to the fact it sided with the interest of US multinationals.                   This tension between the North – including the EU – and the developing world started way back. However, a lot of attempt has been made by the EU to establish a reputation as a champion of development including through its 2001 role, when it launched the ‘Doha development agenda. Some other promoted path-breaking declaration on trade and public health has been going on. Like it has opened the way for legalizing broad exemptions from intellectual property constraints during any imports on generic drugs to treat diseases such as AIDS. There are also other initiatives, for example the databank which was set up by the Commission’s Directorate General for Trade in order to assist developing countries in their market access strategies, and have enabled the EU begin to change the image it has in the WTO.                   Following what recently came up in the Doha Round is an indication again to the lack of commitment that the EU has in seeking to marry its natural alliance in most of the domains (not all) with the US and its development advocacy. For example, when a World Bank Study questioned the EU’s ‘demonstration strategy’ through EBA stating that once requirements such as standards as well as rules of origin were taken into account, it was realized that the US was actually more open to LDC exports as compared to the EU. On the other hand, there is failure by the EU to promote multilateral solutions that is capable of addressing perhaps the single most important factor that links trade and poverty such as the massive volatility as well as decline in the price of primary commodities. As a result if the EU is indeed committed to uphold an image as a ‘mediating power’ within the global political economy, it will have no option but to ac tively promote changes in the WTO which the US is likely to actively resist, (Marshall, M., & Jaggers, K.,2010). However, a lot of failure has been manifested by the EU in exploiting a potentially promising strategy of accommodation like putting transatlantic economic as well as regulatory co operation at the service of multilateralism. Internal vs. external objectives                   Somehow, the manner in which the EU is exercising power through trade should be held up to special standards. Claiming consistency between its internal and external actions tend to be at the heart of its legitimate exercise of power. The EU has indeed faced difficulties in an attempt to lead by example in the area of trade. Like, in case where the single market has been premised based on the assumption that free movement of people is a key dimension of market integration, as a matter of fact, what will this one mean for the position taken by the EU on the freedom of movement of people in order to deliver services? In order for EU to be consistent, it will need to invest political capital and more creativity in ‘globalization with human faces’ as well as the manner in which there could be encouragement of back-and-forth movement of people as an alternative to permanent migration.                   The existing tension between the internal and external is well evidenced over agriculture, and came up in the Doha Round. A lot of questions have been raised over the conflicted position taken by the EU regarding agricultural tariffs and subsidies in its commitment to putting multilateralism at the service of development. As a matter of fact, there is no need for denying European citizens their landscape, food security, and way of life. However, it is important to tell them the much it costs, like the number of people who are now living under $1 a day. Also the question can be whether region-to-region agreements tend to be more about promoting regional integration outside the EU ‘per se’ but not taking the form of a worldwide strategy pushing for convergence with European standards as well as mutual opening of markets, thereby supporting EU incumbents. Time and again representatives of Mercosur have stated that they are aiming to follow the EU’s example, which according to them has made Europe ‘less dependent on the outside world, (the EU has stressed market opening). What is interesting is that the current political leadership in Mercosur, particularly President Lula in Brazil, have kind of supported the EU project over the US-led Free Trade of the Americas Agreement, indicating that the EU’s leverage through trade does not show some indications of legitimacy as compared to that of that of the US, (Stephanie Hanson, and Brianna Lee, 2012).                   Moreover, it seems that EU assumes that the liberal recipe of ‘peace through commerce’ which has indeed seems to have worked so well with them applies uniformly anywhere else. Generally, trade is capable of fueling conflict especially when carried out within a context of corrupt governance, deep social inequalities, and unfair rules, as well as without enough attention being paid to its destructive byproducts like export dependence, adjustment costs, price volatility or illegal trafficking. For EU to bring its external action to be in line with its internal philosophy, it needs to establish trade policies that are also sensitive to these potential conflicts. The current certifications efforts for diamonds or timber constitute tend to be a promising starting point. Equal Partnership vs. Conditional Opening                   There is a fundamental contradiction that exists as well within the very idea of ‘normative’ or ‘soft’ power. The language the EU is speaking is of shared norms which are developed through consensus and co-operation. But on the other hand, trade power tends to be the use of ‘carrots and sticks’ in enforcing such norms on trading partners. We are not even surprised that the incorporation of non-trade conditions in trade deals faces great resistance from developing countries, as they just see this to be a blunt coercion. A growing debate is now going on regarding the effectiveness of conditionality, which is now kind of spilling over from the field of aid to that of trade. Regardless of any instrumental argument, what is still being asked is whether a post-colonial power is not suppose to rely on voluntary change as well as the provision of public goods like its markets in bolstering the likelihood of such change. Do we miss to see a contradiction as the EU tries to export norms of its making, which is predicated based on voluntary co-operation between states using its quasi-coercive leverage through trade? Some of the policies such as the EBA undoubtedly tend to lie at the other end of the spectrum; unconditional opening to be a tool for development; having trust that new export opportunities in themselves is likely to encourage desired changes in the beneficiaries. Nevertheless, is it true that this policy is genuinely taking the interests of developing countries to heart, or it is just a public relations coup on the part of the EU? This is a signal to the rest of the world that the EU was eventually acting upon its pro-developing world rhetoric, the EU managed to find their way out in Hong Kong in generalizing the principle under WTO. So far giving way duty/quota-free access to 97 per cent of the products that originates in least developed countries is not welcomed by majority. Trade Liberalization vs. Domestic Preferences                   There is great tension for the EU as a trade power based on the embedded liberalism compromise. The conflict is in the manner of combining a trade liberalization credo with a primary concern for the social effects of market integration. Often, the EU has been facing social demands for protection that somehow may be going beyond the spirit of embedded liberalism. In response to such demands, the Commission’s trade policy-makers under the leadership of Pascal Lamy have developed a fresh conceptual apparatus based on the fact of collective preferences setting up institutions that are capable of forging collective preferences. The end result is diversification of social choices over health care, inter alia food safety, precaution in the field of biotechnology or welfare rights, cultural diversity, public provision of education and health care. However, it is argued that if these concerns justify protection then the EU has the obligation of providing c ompensation to its trading partners. Conclusion                   Indeed, it seems like EU exploits its formidable trade power for pursuing non-trade objectives through conditionality or through fostering regional trade blocs in its own image. This highlights the way the divergences between member states objectives makes it hard for the EU to signal its resolve to the outside world more clearly. Nonetheless, such divergences are themselves a byproduct or an expression of existing tensions between various alternative priorities or even norms that must simultaneously be committed to by the EU machinery, such as nondiscrimination and bilateral preferential relations, regionalism and multilateralism, western hegemony and mediating power, trade liberalization and domestic preferences, internal and external objectives, equal partnership and conditional opening. Due to the fact that legitimacy tends to be the main currency for an aspiring normative power, it will be difficult for the EU to effectively become a power through t rade without addressing what majority of the world considers being unsustainable contradictions. References Haughton, T. (2007). When does the EU make a difference? Conditionality and the accession process in Central and Eastern Europe. Political Studies Review, 5(2), 233–246. Knodt, M., & Jà ¼nemann, A. (2007). Introduction: Conceptionalizing the EU’s promotion of democracy. In A. Jà ¼nemann & M. Knodt (Eds.), Externe Demokratiefà ¶rderung durch die Europà ¤ische Union-European external democracy promotion (pp. 9–32). Baden-Baden: Nomos. Marshall, M., & Jaggers, K. (2010). Polity IV project: Political regime characteristics and transitions, 1800–2009. Fairfax: Center for Systemic Peace, George Mason University. Stephanie Hanson, and Brianna Lee (2012) Mercosur: South America’s Fractious Trade Bloc. Retrieved 3rd 10, 2014. http://www.cfr.org/trade/mercosur-south-americas-fractious-trade-bloc/p12762 Teorell, J. (2010). Determinants of democratization: Explaining regime change in the world. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press Tocci, N. (2007). The EU and conflict resolution. Promoting peace in the backyard. London: Routledge. Source document

Culture Shock Essay

Having been raised in a traditional Mexican family, I thought that growing up I had a good understanding about the Mexican culture and families. However, I was seriously mistaken upon returning to Mexico for a family vacation. I was expecting to go across the border and experience things similar to what we have in the States, but that was not the case. The experience is completely different and charmingly appealing. The infrastructure is nothing compered to what we have here, the family values are very different and how people would spend their time. When I first arrived in Mexico I was shocked at their way of living. Just seeing the buildings that they call home was enough. The roads were just as bad. Seeing these things for the first time was a he eye opener. The houses were practically falling apart. As we were driving through the town to get to my aunts house, I was thinking to myself â€Å"So this what my parents called home.† And at that moment I started to feel more thankful for everything I had back home. In Mexico I also realized that the value family over individualism. For example, after being at my aunt’s house for a while I asked my cousin if she ever planned to get married (that’s me knowing that she is already 32 years old). She replied to me â€Å"No I don’t, because then that would mean that I would have to move out with my husband and leave my parents.† I was completely shocked by this because I never thought of my parents in that way. In Mexico they find it shameful to put elderly people in nursing homes. This made me think â€Å"Would I be a horrible person if I dare to think of putting and older family member I a nursing home?† When I was in Mexico I was so surprised that I would have this part of a  culture shock. People in Mexico do almost the exact same thing that we do here for fun (depending on their money situations). They go to the movies, and parties and they go to the mall that they have there. Everyone in this world goes through culture shock at one point in his or her life. And it usually is with another culture completely different than theirs. Mine just happened to be the same as my culture. After experiencing this culture shock I felt like I wasn’t really connected to my roots and that I felt more â€Å"Americanized†. Just because I look ‘Mexican’ and speak Spanish and eat Mexican foods doesn’t make me like the people who live in Mexico. Seeing their infrastructure and the way they value family and how they spend their free time made the realize that its good to be different, because that way you can enlighten all kinds of people with your personal experiences.

The best institution of engineering in the United States Essay

The best institution of engineering in the United States - Essay Example The researcher will begin with the statement that he began to think of his future career while in the kindergarten and based on his upbringing and family background nothing meant sense to him other than being an engineer. This was the prime reason as to why the author enrolled in a government technical high school Kumba in Cameroon. His passion for engineering was cemented while in this technical institute. To a considerable extent, the researcher’s parents positively influenced his dream of becoming an engineer. Since the author’s childhood, his parents have nurtured and inculcated virtues of an engineer in his life. After his high school studies, the researcher was chosen among the best students who were selected to work in an engineering company. Being in this engineering environment for a period of more than one year had a long-lasting impact on his future life as an electrical engineer. Working in this company motivated author’s desire to pursue his studies in the field of electrical engineering, where he obtained an associate in electrical engineering with a GPA of 3.2 from the University of Douala in Cameroon. Importantly, while working hard, the researcher knew that to attain his dream, securing admission in the best institution that offers engineering was fundamental. This should be an institution with a well-cultivated culture of engineering. This implied obtaining admission to the University of Maryland.

Inprovement science Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Inprovement science - Article Example iplinary team at Pacific Oaks Hospital has noted a rise in pressure ulcer rates and considered setting up strategies to decrease the pressure ulcer rates. Several models have been developed to improve the quality of human health (Sadeghi, Barzi, Mikhail & Shabot, 2013). Among the various models developed include the Public Heath Model and the Model for Improvement. The purpose for this project is to evaluate the Public Health Model and the Model for Improvement to assess how they can aid in decreasing the pressure ulcer rates. The public health care model is among the most important models ever developed. The model incorporates a variety of prevention and care strategies. Gilbert (2011) states that the model focuses on the causes of disease, socio-cultural and economic factors that might interrupt the quality of healthcare services. The model is characterized by unique elements such as leadership, surveillance, and partnerships. The model can be adopted to improve the quality of service and welfare of people suffering from pressure ulcer disease. Actually, the model can be employed in developing effective prevention, rehabilitation, and palliative care strategies at different stages of disease development. For instance, surveillance can enhance timely detection of the diseases. As a result, prevention schemes will be established on time and, therefore, reduce the identified pressure ulcer rates. The model emphasis on teamwork and strategic performance. However, the model directs that the size and nature of the team should be determined by the needs and nature of the organization. The model explains that it is important to set goals that the improvement strategy intends to achieve. According to Hickey & Brosnan (2012), setting of goals gives the team a roadmap of whatever it intends to achieve. The model reflects on the importance of establishing measures and selecting changes. In essence, establishing measures aids in assessing whether adoption of a specific

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Position Paper - Essay Example FedEx is currently amongst the top courier service providers of the world and is growing in terms of revenue generation, market share and penetration in new markets. However there are possible chances of slowing the success path of FedEx. As FedEx is too much dependent upon US market so therefore chances of slowing down is possible moreover the current situation of the world is one another reason to add in this regard. Similarly besides these issues the company has very much scope in terms of generating more income by expanding and reaching new markets. One possible opportunity is in the Asian market. As currently many Asian countries are growing. So they rely too much on imports and exports therefore FedEx has a great opportunity in reaching and capturing those markets by using experience and brand name. Another important development in terms of revenue generation is online shopping. If FedEx is likely to hold its growth online shopping should be dealt with utter care. New plans should be formulated, techniques should be devised as online shopping is likely to change shopping trends in most of the developing countries. Different schemes should be launched so that masses can be attracted. Furthermore the role of competitors new and old will always be a threat for FedEx. In most cases new companies have nothing to lose so they usually lower their price in order to gain market share. Therefore FedEx should try to offer competing prices in order to wipe out these companies from challenging FedEx. This can be done with ease as FedEx has enough revenue to hold market and to lower prices as well. The future of FedEx is split between opportunities and threats. Therefore the role of management will be crucial because proper planning can give FedEx billions and one wrong step can lead them towards catastrophic

Substance use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Substance use - Essay Example A few of these are serious gastro-intestinal problems, severe headaches, menstrual irregularities, hypertension, premature baldness, shrinking of breast (females) and enlargement of the breast (males) while shrinking the testicles (testicular atrophy). Drug Education Programs – the goal of drug educational programs such as D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education) is to educate youngsters about the dangers of illegal drug use before they will even start and be swayed by its temptations (Brogan & Koellhoffer 9). A logic behind the program is to involve police officers in giving their time and expertise to help schools conduct drug-education programs. The approach is to use police officers who are into the fight against drug-related crimes that gives them much-needed street credibility in the eyes of the kids, as opposed to â€Å"tough guy† persona exemplified by thugs, pimps and drug pushers. A drug prevention program, meanwhile, focuses more on counteracting the social influences that can lead to drug use; such as peer pressure, ostracism and school bullying (Segal 125).

Channels for Specific Audinece Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Channels for Specific Audinece - Essay Example In addition, 33.1% of all households were composed of individuals living alone, of which 6.2% was someone 65 years of age or older. The average household size in Raleigh was 2.30 persons, and the average family size was 2.97 persons. Raleighs population in 2000 was evenly distributed with 20.9% below the age of 18, 15.9% aged 18 to 24, 36.6% from 25 to 44, and 18.4% from 45 to 64. An estimated 8.3% of the population was 65 years of age or older, and the median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.0 males; for every 100 females aged 18 or older, there were 96.6 males aged 18 or older.† (http://www.wikipedia.com). 1. Renters. There are no specific data about the population profile of renters. According to statistics renters have less annual income than home owners. The media chosen for renters are newspapers and more specifically the â€Å" News & Observer† which is the largest daily newspaper of Raleigh, â€Å"Carolina† which is a monthly newspaper distributed for free so it can reach a large audience and â€Å"Triangle Tribune† in order to reach the Afro-American community. The internet will also be used as media channel for renters and more specifically it will be the New Raleigh which focuses on night life, restaurants etc. TV will be also included and more specifically the WUNC-TV because it shows the popular EastEnders comedy on Sunday nights – a day that most people stay at home because Monday is a working day. 2. Women who are owners of small business. The restaurant will use newspapers for reaching this target group and more specifically all the free newspapers like Independent Weekly, Carolina Journal and The Slammer. Free newspapers have the advantage that they are distributed to areas where lots of people gather i.e. subways etc. The Slammer has the advantage that is available at local

An analysis of the idea of measuring and reporting human capital in Essay

An analysis of the idea of measuring and reporting human capital in the balance sheet - Essay Example 77). Companies including human capital will improve the companies’ goodwill in the external and internal environment. The political economy of the firms will improve when the company illustrate its relationship with different skilled employees since the society will appreciate the move by the firm to treat its employees in the best ways possible since they are part of the society. The company that includes training of its employees in the financial reports creates better coexistence with the government thus increasing their good reputation and in return generate more profits since the government helps it in training and developing employees who are skilled to produce quality goods (Blair 1999, pg. 43). It is important for a company to include equity to portray it does not discriminate against the physically but skilled employees or recruits creates a better image that will shape the scope of the market stock prices. Gender equality will portray better correlation with the society, which is important in expanding their company on its improved goodwill (Wyatt & Frick 2010, pg. 213). The inclusion of human capital in a financial report is very beneficial to firms thus this essay shows the reason behind exclusion of such a beneficial factor in the financial reports of most companies. Financial reports are responsible to portray the company’s financial activities and the best way the company is able to allocate its resources. This information is important to the shareholders or investors, competitors and the society. The shareholders who invest money in the company should have the knowledge of the composition of the employees the company operates with to ensure they make justifiable judgments on the funds to invest (Sveiby 1997, pg. 137). If the company prove that, the employees are talented, innovative, skilled and self-motivated, the shareholders will invest more funds since they are sure the employees at hand will generate more profits making the

International Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

International Business Strategy - Essay Example In 1954, Ray Kroc saw the opportunity and took the rights to franchise the store in USA and he took the franchise as a very high rate of $950 for McDonald’s when other companies bought franchisees for only $50. McDonald’s first step to the global market was by moving to Canada in 1967. The company has looked to franchise its stores and restaurants across the different parts of the world and has spread widely across to different countries (Burrow, 2011, Pp. 98-102). The company has now become a well known renowned brand in the whole world and has high level of respect as brand across the world’s food market and also a huge brand liking and brand preference among the huge number of customers. McDonald’s has over 30,000 restaurants across the global market with its restaurants been spread in over 119 countries providing the best of service to all the customers of about 45 million people every day generating a total revenue of around $15 billion every year. This report includes the study for the international business strategy of McDonald’s and also understands the company’s policy using various marketing concepts developed by scholars which helps to know the company’s strategy to become one of the leaders in the global market (Churchill, 2009, Pp. 76-78). This report is done based on the data obtained from the secondary data from various books and also data from other secondary sources. This method f data collection is very economical and also gives a large number of sources to get valid data to understand the particular concept. This project is done over the topic of the international business strategy for the company been chosen as McDonald’s, for understanding such a concept it is needed to conduct a qualitative research (Burgemeister, 2003, Pp. 56-59). Qualitative research is best done using the secondary data. It helps to understand the concept using various theories and concepts developed by scholars and also

Poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poems - Essay Example These perspectives are reinforced by the mythical approach that Coleridge has taken. He describes the almost superhuman power that Kubla possesses through the fear that the speaker wishes to impart on his ‘subjects’. The same mysticism applies to his desire to be the demon lover, which shares the same divine and scary characteristics. The use of altered states of consciousness was popular among writers and poets in the Romantic Movement. It is important to note that the narrative was based on an opium-influenced dream. As a result, the poem features some hallucinatory aspects. The instance of ‘flashing eyes’ and ‘floating hair’ correlates to the tenets of the movement. It idealized the use of imagination over the power of reason. In that respect, Coleridge utilizes his imagination to develop a narrative that personifies his character as that of Kubla Khan. The movement appreciated the use of religious and divine ideals, as opposed to rational co ntent related to scientific knowledge. The same Romantic ideals have been used in developing mystic themes and references in the narrative. The speaker highlights the dread that engulfs his ‘subjects’ and invokes divine practices as part of their response to Kubla. For example, Coleridge explains ‘weave a circle around him thrice†¦ (Coleridge 51)’ Mary Shelley lived at a time when societies were at a crossroads. In her time, the world was engulfed in thought concerning various philosophical concerns, which were centered on the well-being of the human individual. For example, political philosophy of the time was focused on natural rights, enfranchisement and what constitutes human nature. This was a time that slavery existed legally in parts of the world. In that respect, Shelley develops the nature of her monster as part of her revolutionary ideals. She believed in equality among individuals, and that each has his/her own right to determination. Simila rly, the narrative exposes her beliefs in the representation of disability. The monster appears physically disoriented, and its body is considered repulsive. As a result, it is discriminated upon by the larger society. However, Shelley disputes this ideal that had permeated the societies of the time. She highlights that physical differences to ‘normal’ people did not change their human nature. In that regard, she grants the monster equal cognitive and lingual ability to ‘normal’ people. This serves as a representation of her revolutionary stance on natural rights. The monster may be regarded as autistic by some. At the time, disabled people were disregarded in the society, and seen as foolish and unfruitful individuals. The presentation of the monster contravenes these ideals and may be regarded as revolutionary. However, Shelley’s monster highlights that disabled individuals can maintain their productivity. This is seen through the monster’s intellect and actions. In that respect, Shelley speaks out against oppression, which may be regarded as a revolutionary ideal. This is seen through the themes of anger and loneliness that surround the monster. The author explores her revolutionary views on equality by developing her monster as a being that possesses human nature. This is seen through her monster’s cognitive development. It begins by attempting to connect with other human beings

Investigative Report on Interviewee Essay Example for Free

Investigative Report on Interviewee Essay The interview is of a former police officer who is now undergoing a course in criminal justice psychology. The interviewee is a 57 year old separated man who has been a professional policeman with the California Highway Patrol (CHP) and has also had a second career as a laser technician. The interviewee has a strong experiential exposure to criminals during his career in the CHP. He is a multi dimensional personality pursuing art as well as computer 3D art and painting. Presently he is looking forward for a graduate degree in criminal justice psychology followed possibly by a doctoral degree in psychology. He thus has innate interest in human psychology and is willing to learn. The individual is concerned about the suicide rate for CHP officers and feels that by combining knowledge of psychology with practical experience in policing he would be able to contribute to improvement of quality of life and thus possibly bring down the suicide rate. The interviewee has a strong feminine bondage in the family being a father of four daughters aged 17 to 35 years and is also a grandfather of 5. Thus while he has been separated there is possibility of adequate empathy for women borne out of this innate connectivity. 2. Describe the elements the interviewee possessed. The individual has good knowledge of policing and is interested in psychology. Despite his relatively short tenure in the police due to medical reasons, he is committed to policing and criminology. The biggest asset of the person is his willingness to learn and experiment. Thus after his policing career he has been in a most unusual job as a laser technician and now is pursuing a career in criminal justice psychology. His interests in inter related fields of crime and psychology make him an ideal combination for mentoring and providing psychological assistance to police officers. While he has had a good exposure to policing, he has not had any experience with women officers as during his period of service, women police officers had not been inducted in the force. His knowledge of women police officers is thus limited to anecdotal inputs provided by his colleagues and short social exposure to daughters of police presently working in the force. There is thus a strong element of doubt of capability of women officers in the harsh environment of beat policing in the individual. He has on the other hand a strong sense of values and character, based on his experience in policing and he sees these as prime assets in a police personnel. He also tends to rely on experience and personal knowledge in making judgments. 3. Describe the elements that might lead to advantages or disadvantages for women officers. The interviewee has a strong female empathy factor in the family, being the father of four daughters and one who is open to the girl child take up a policing job; which will certainly work to his advantage. Another issue is his understanding of the criminal policing system and interest in psychology which will provide a strong backdrop to all aspects related to mentoring of police officers. He is willing to learn and is a multi skilled person interested in arts. These elements provide him the motivation as well as the ability to learn new skills and adapt to varied surroundings. The strong sense of values and character that he possesses will surely be an advantage. The interviewee has had no experience of working with women officers earlier which could be a serious disadvantage as he would not be able to correlate to problems, pressures and the difference in environment in which male and female officers in the force have to work. Being a separated person there could be a disadvantage of greater mistrust, though this will depend on intrinsic reasons for separation which are not known at present. The interviewee’s opinions of the competence of female officers is based on dated information when there were limited numbers and their role was also restricted, this may necessitate a longer learning period for him to adjust to an environment required to support women. The interviewee also is not confident of the role that women officers can play in the police force and honestly doubts their capabilities. However this may be due to lack of exposure to women officers during his career. He may be willing to change his opinion once he is exposed, given his family background and learning motivation. 4. Explain why these elements might prove beneficial or problematic when working with women officers. A general empathy for women in general which the individual possesses will prove beneficial along with basic grounding in psychology as well as criminal justice system. Adaptability and willingness to learn may also prove beneficial when working with women officers. His emphasis on values, character and respect will also be useful to motivate women officers as they are more idealistic and moved by demonstrated ethical characteristics. In working with women police officers, it would be essential to understand their special needs and differentiate the manner of their working with that of male officers. The interviewee lacks exposure and appears to be opinionated in this regard which would be problematic. The interviewee is also not very comfortable with the idea of women in policing which may again be due to his lack of experience in this regard and this would be problematic at least in the initial stages. Reference 1. Interview Record. (No Date). Copy of proceedings attached in original.

Review of Maintaining Reproductive Health

Review of Maintaining Reproductive Health Researchers almost nerve conduct a study in an intellectual vaccum. Literature reviews can serve a number of important functions in the research process. Researchers undertake a literature review to familiarize themselves with the knowledge base. A thorough literature review helps to lay the foundation for a study, and can inspires new research ideas. Review of literature is defined as a broad, comprehensive in depth, systemic and crucial review of scholarly publication, unpublished scholarly print materials, audio visual material and personal communication. Review of literature is arranged under the following headings. Review related to reproductive health. Review related to menstrual hygiene. Review related to sexual behavior and sex education. Review related to sexually transmitted disease and AIDS. Review related to usage of contraceptives. Review related to reproductive health Neelam mann., (2010) conducted a study to assess the effectiveness of a structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding puberty among pre adolescent girls in Vijaya English school at Hassan, In that study shows percentage of knowledge in each aspect puberty such as anatomy and physiology, characteristics of puberty, menstrual hygiene and sexually transmitted dieases, before planned teaching programme. Preadolescent girls are having below average knowledge on all aspects except menstrual hygiene. Over all knowledge score shows girls are having only 33.52% of knowledge before the administration of planned teaching programme. Post test knowledge on different aspects of puberty after the planned teaching program, on an average adolescent girls increased 80.71% regarding puberty. Jyoti vinod., (2008) conducted a study to assess the effect of planned teaching programme on knowledge, attitude and practice of adolescents in relation to the reproductive health in selected shelter homes in Mumbai, among a population of 60 adolescents in that 30 boys and 30 girls who were selected by convenient sampling technique and data were collected by self reporting technique. Findings shows that pretest knowledge score is 63% and post test score is 91% with regard to knowledge changed in the adolescence was markedly increase in boys and girls from 23% and 19% to 70% and 83% respectively. So it shows the effectiveness of the teaching programme on reproductive health. Jeyashri.G.Itti., (2007) conducted a study that to evaluate the effect of planned teaching programme on selected aspects of reproductive health among the rural adolescents girls. In the pre test 69.77% of the subjects had poor knowledge, where as post test scores showed that 96.5% of subjects had good knowledge. This result related to the post test knowledge (mean 34.35) scores showed that the adolescent girls had a significantly higher score on reproductive health than the pre test (mean 21.81). The t value of 31.30 was significant at 0.001 level of significance and the investigator concluded overall pre test knowledge about reproductive health was poor, there was need planned teaching programme, post test result showed significant improvement in knowledge of reproductive health. Zulkitli., (2000) conducted a study to assess the determinants of sexual intercourse among unmarried adolescents on sexual practices in Malaysia. Overall results shows that the propotion of unmarried adolescents who have sexual intercourse is about 13% boys, (18.8%) are more likely to be sexuality experienced than girls (7.11%) by religion, Buddhist reported last experienced (6%) followed by Muslims (12%) and others (21%) for the more, 72% of adolescent engages in sex without considering the use of contraceptives. So through this study the researcher concluded that adolescents need sex education during school period as early as possible. Corresponding Author InformationAddress reprint requests to Heather Becker, PhD, School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, 1700 Red River Street, Austin, TX 78701. Review related to menstrual hygiene. Punitha., (2010) conducted study to assess the practice and problem in using pad or cloth during menstruation among the blind children. Research design used for the study was comparative-correlation survey. Sample size for the study was 50 blind children who used pad during menstruation and 50 blind children who used cloth during menstruation. Structure interview questionnaire used for validate the responses. In that there was a significant negative correlation between practice and problem of using cloth during menstruation r = -0.139 (p

Dna Extraction From A Kiwi Experiment Biology Essay

Dna Extraction From A Kiwi Experiment Biology Essay Label all samples before putting them into wells. Fill a micropipette with sample A (it must be filled from end to end). Insert a micropipette into the glass holder. Immerse the end of pipette below the surface of the TBE and gently dispense its contents into the well (first well from the left). Cell Transformation Cell transformation is the genetic difference of a cell caused from the uptake of DNA. It is most common in bacteria (bacterial transformation) and occurs naturally in some species. It can also be affected by artificial means (for example: different temperature, different chemicals such as CaCl2 i.e. Calcium chloride transformation). Cell transformation is also used to insert a new genetic material into non-bacterial cells including animal and plant cells. Vector is a DNA molecule which is used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. There are various types of vectors such as plasmids, bacteriophages, cosmids (have large amount to store DNA as compare to plasmids) and artificial chromosomes. The choice of vector is important because it affects so many of the processes such as cloning which includes expression, protein processing. Types of vectors and how they work varies. For example, plasmid vectors are used to multiply or express particular genes. They act as a vehicle to transfer genetic material into host cells. Viral vectors are designed for permanent incorporation of the inserting material into the human genome. These vectors leave genetic markers in the hose genome after incorporating the gene. Comparing viral and plasmid vectors, viral vectors cannot be used to multiply genes. That is because; host in a plasmid vector is immuned to have a reaction to virus. Viral vectors can be used for gene therapy; providing a way to cure genetic disorders such as cystic fibrosis. Because these diseases result from mutations in the DNA sequence for specific genes, gene therapy trials have used viruses to deliver unmutated copies of these genes to the cells of the patientà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s body à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ this has been very successful. However, several problems of viral gene therapy must be overcome before it gains widespread use. Immune response to viruses not only inhibits the delivery of genes to target cells but can cause health risks for the patient. Plasmid vectors can also be used for gene therapy because some methods of gene therapy depends on the efficient insertion of genes at the appropriate chromosomal target sites within the human genome, without causing cell injury or mutations (cancer). Bacterial cell transformation is a process by which the genetic content of bacterial cell is changed. In this process, DNA is introduced into bacterial cells. Bacteria which have ability to take up foreign DNA are known as competent cells and they are made competent through use of calcium chloride. That is because; the membrane of bacterial cell is permeable to chloride ions. When chloride ions enter the bacterial cell, water molecules get attached with charged particles. This causes the cells to swell. The CaCl2 treatment (to make cells competent) is followed by heat or heat shock (at 42oC); a new set of genes (also known as heat shock genes) is expressed. This set of genes help the bacteria in surviving at such or low temperatures. Heat shock is necessary for the uptake of DNA because at temperatures above 42oC, bacteria start to lose ability to uptake DNA. Bacteria cell transformation How is the recombinant plasmid created? And how was it put into the bacteria? Explain the diagram you include (Remember: How + Why (for M2) Polymerase Chain Reaction Introduction: PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) is a technique used for the amplification of a small quantity of DNA over one million fold. This technique was first used to diagnose sickle cell anaemia and is now used for cloning and paternity testing. To perform DNA amplification, PCR machines are used. PCR machine helps to prepare DNA and in a short time, it increases the amount of DNA to billions. Experiment: PCR reaction has been done using a thermal cycler (the vast majority of PCR methods use cycling). PCR reaction involves different stages such as control reaction (initial stage), cycling and so on. Apparatus: 3 Tubes (0.5 ml) Tube (for PCR reaction) Ice DNA template for amplification Primer Mix 10x gel loading solution Enzyme grade ultrapure water Agarose gel InstStain Methylene Blue Distilled/Deionized water (optional) Buffer (optional) Electrode terminals Content Reason of Usage Primer Mix Primers are (short strands of mRNA binded by complementary base pairs) are bonded to each DNA strand. Primer mix is a powerful tool which helps to copy every DNA sequences. It contains primers which decrease the chances to target the wrong sites on DNA. They are required to start the process of making DNA. DNA template DNA template means pattern of DNA (to be amplified). When DNA is taken apart between the nitrogen bases, then each side acts as a pattern for the parts (such as complementary strands) that are missing. DNA template is used for amplification of DNA. Nucleotides These are the genetic building blocks which make DNA molecules. These are used to create billion copies of DNA. Method Reason Initialising: DNA sample is heated at 940C -960C for 1-9 minutes. To break the hydrogen bonds in the couple-stranded DNA, creating single-stranded molecules that are susceptible to copying. This is called denaturing. The longer the strand to be copied, the longer the denaturing process lasts. Annealing At this stage, the temperature is lowered to 40oC-65oC for about 20-45 seconds. This allows annealing of the primers to the single-stranded DNA template. The primers are short DNA strands, designed to bond to sites at the beginning and end of the segment to be copied. If the primers are incorrectly designed or the temperature at this stage is wrong, the primer will bind randomly to the DNA, resulting in the wrong segment copy. Elongation At this stage, 72oC-80oC temperature (optimum temperature) is used because of DNA polymerase i.e. Taq Polymerase (it is an enzyme which is used to make a new copy of DNA). This activates DNA polymerase. When DNA polymerase finds a primer (attached to a single DNA strand), it adds nucleotides on to the strand. It continues to do this until it reaches to the end of the strand and falls off. There is a possibility of DNA contamination in preparing a PCR sample. For example, using a same pipette to add different components or using the same tip for different components. But precautions can be taken to reduce the risk of DNA contamination such as using new pipette and tip for each different component. Wearing gloves and safety goggles can help prevent DNA contamination. Washing used equipment or discarding equipment such as used tips.

The Conception of Time in William Bucks Mahabharata Essay -- Mahabhar

The Conception of Time in William Buck's Mahabharata      Ã‚   In Hindu philosophy, there is no absolute beginning to the universe and no absolute ending. Therefore, time is not conceived of in a linear fashion as is common in western philosophy. Instead, time is seen as a wheel turning within a larger wheel, and moksha, or the release from this wheel is one of the goals of of the Hindu devotee. In William Buck's Mahabharata, time is viewed by the characters as an enemy of sorts, a personified entity which causes loss. It is the intent of this paper to show how Buck presents a cohesive treatment of the concept of time in has retelling of the Mahabharata story. I would like to explore seven elements of his story and try to explain how they are connected into a meaningful whole.    In order to set the stage, if you will, for Buck's treatment of time, I would like to start by briefly going over how time is a part of the Hindu religion. Time in Hinduism is generally conceived of as a wheel rotating through cycles of sarga (creation) and pralaya (destruction) called kappa cycles. Each kappa cycle is a life of Brahma which lasts 100 Brahmic years or 311,040,000,000,000 human years. At the beginning of each kappa the world is created as Brahma is born and at the end of each the world is destroyed as he dies. Between each kappa, a period of 100 Brahmic years passes before Brahma is born again and the next kappa cycle begins. A further aspect of the kappa cycles is that they are made up of 1000 great aeons which are themselves made up of four yugas (ages). These four ages are Saga Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, and Kali Yuga which is the present age. Buck uses none of these terms in his work, yet it is clear ... ...s paper is show the cohesion of Buck's treatment of time, which becomes most evident by viewing multiple examples side by side. This is by no means an exhaustive analysis of time in Hindu philosophy, but by considering Buck's text in the context of that philosophy as I have, it becomes clear that it is possible to make that vast amount of knowledge accessible to an audience who may expect little more than a romantic history.       Source Cited: Buck, William. Mahabharata. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.    Sources Consulted: 1) Organ, Troy W. AThe Hindu Motif.@ Hinduism: Its Historical Development. Woodbury: Barron=s Educational Series, 2) Waterstone, Richard. AIndia: Concepts of Time.@ WWW page. URL http://pathfinder.com/@@xxAIUQcASaX4vvex/twep/Little_Brown/living/india/india_time1.html. 7 January 1997.    The Conception of Time in William Buck's Mahabharata Essay -- Mahabhar The Conception of Time in William Buck's Mahabharata      Ã‚   In Hindu philosophy, there is no absolute beginning to the universe and no absolute ending. Therefore, time is not conceived of in a linear fashion as is common in western philosophy. Instead, time is seen as a wheel turning within a larger wheel, and moksha, or the release from this wheel is one of the goals of of the Hindu devotee. In William Buck's Mahabharata, time is viewed by the characters as an enemy of sorts, a personified entity which causes loss. It is the intent of this paper to show how Buck presents a cohesive treatment of the concept of time in has retelling of the Mahabharata story. I would like to explore seven elements of his story and try to explain how they are connected into a meaningful whole.    In order to set the stage, if you will, for Buck's treatment of time, I would like to start by briefly going over how time is a part of the Hindu religion. Time in Hinduism is generally conceived of as a wheel rotating through cycles of sarga (creation) and pralaya (destruction) called kappa cycles. Each kappa cycle is a life of Brahma which lasts 100 Brahmic years or 311,040,000,000,000 human years. At the beginning of each kappa the world is created as Brahma is born and at the end of each the world is destroyed as he dies. Between each kappa, a period of 100 Brahmic years passes before Brahma is born again and the next kappa cycle begins. A further aspect of the kappa cycles is that they are made up of 1000 great aeons which are themselves made up of four yugas (ages). These four ages are Saga Yuga, Treta Yuga, Dvapara Yuga, and Kali Yuga which is the present age. Buck uses none of these terms in his work, yet it is clear ... ...s paper is show the cohesion of Buck's treatment of time, which becomes most evident by viewing multiple examples side by side. This is by no means an exhaustive analysis of time in Hindu philosophy, but by considering Buck's text in the context of that philosophy as I have, it becomes clear that it is possible to make that vast amount of knowledge accessible to an audience who may expect little more than a romantic history.       Source Cited: Buck, William. Mahabharata. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.    Sources Consulted: 1) Organ, Troy W. AThe Hindu Motif.@ Hinduism: Its Historical Development. Woodbury: Barron=s Educational Series, 2) Waterstone, Richard. AIndia: Concepts of Time.@ WWW page. URL http://pathfinder.com/@@xxAIUQcASaX4vvex/twep/Little_Brown/living/india/india_time1.html. 7 January 1997.   

Basics of Ghost Stories :: Ghost Story Stories Ghosts Essays

Basics of Ghost Stories INTRODUCTION The ghost story writer has to attract the reader's attention straight away. The way story begins is important and often links with the rest of the narrative. The opening of a short story must try to engage the reader quickly. I think all ghost stories should always have a lot of suspense in it, to create anticipation and excitement. Some symbolic object/place for example a knife, a key must play a major part in the narrative. The story should also have lots of detail to get the feeling as if the reader is there to create different types of atmospheres, such as horror, terror, and excitement. They should also have a mysterious end, to make the reader go away thinking about it. Most people are interested in ghost stories because of the thrill and horror that is in it. Ghost story's challenges us to see how much of the paranormal we can take onboard and because it is a story they can always back away from it if it gets too unnerving. I have read "Wish Master", in which a demon awakes from an ancient pot that is destroyed in a robbery in a museum. Then the demon goes around asking people for their wishes and he always does something opposite to fulfil the wish. Ghost stories always seem to be set in lonely or isolated places. The language writers use to describe settings in ghost stories are usually quite unpredictable because there is a lot of descriptive use of imagery to paint a specific kind of picture for the reader. Ghost stories gained prominence in the Victorian period and a lot of classic stories were written during this period. They were written to entertain and feed the imagination of the populace who were intrigued by stories of the supernatural. Atmosphere is mood the writer is trying to create in a story. It is important because it builds a good impression on the reader. It is created through the use of language tools: such as similes, metaphors and onomatopoeia. The atmosphere of the story is developed right from the beginning. It largely depends on the writers purpose/intentions. So you do expect different kind of atmosphere to be created in both of these stories because in the "The Signalman" Charles Dickens is trying to scare the reader and in "The Deadfall" Ted Hughes is trying to get a message across. Atmosphere is important in building tension in the story, which I believe is vital for a ghost story. In 'The Signalman' by Charles Dickens the narrator meets a lonely signalman. At first he seems to be scared of him.

Issues of Youth in Pakistan

ISSUES FACED BY YOUTH IN PAKISTAN Youth, in this era of modern technology, is facing problem all over the world. But especially in developing countries of the world like Pakistan our youth is helpless and are growing up without clear goals and ideals. Of the 15 largest countries in the world in terms of population size, Pakistan has the largest population of the youngest people. In one’s mind this question may arise whether such a large population be regarded as a burden or an asset for country. But in my view such a large population could prove itself an asset towards the country.This demographic situation provides our Pakistan’s youth with an extra ordinary opportunity that because of such a large young population our country could compete even with the developing countries of the world, then how could this population be designated as a burden. Particularly when we talk about the young people of Pakistan then we will get to know that our youth counter through number o f issues from their education period up till their settlement in life. Hardest of all the time is the duration of their career making. Unemployment is the major issue confronted by our youth. Today 12% of our youth is unemployed.Most of the educated students such as degree holders of Bachelors and Masters have no value in national or international market now. These unlucky guys are delivering pizzas and doing other door to door services. Some of them are so unlucky that they don’t even get such kinds of job too. Another prejudice being done every day to our youth is favoritism. It is processed in every organization of our country from lowest to highest level. Students who belong to any political parties or are far relatives of any high post officials they get job easily within few hours without any struggle.Although they are impotent for that job, and because of this brilliant students are deprived of their right. Another problem being faced by our youth is flawed education s ystem in our country. There is no unification in education system. 3 to 4 systems are running at a parallel level. Students of private educational institutions such as NUST and LUMS are being taught entirely in different way as students of government institution are taught. Most of the students are misfit in their positions. They are not satisfied with their careers and jobs. Those who wanted to become engineers they are in medical colleges and vice versa.The reason behind this is improper education counseling. They are not guided properly and many of them are enforced by their parents to join particular field. In developed countries students are being counseled after regular intervals for their better future but there is no such system in our country which could recognize the true talent of our own students. Our youth has lost its identity. Western and Indian culture has submerged gradually deep in our roots and are targeting our youth. They are easily targeted because they are far away from their own religion and culture and due to this they are lost in the blind end of street.Dilemma of our youth is that they are talented and are capable enough to compete with the students of other countries but they are getting no chance to show their inner talents. Their talent is not being utilized in proper way. Their energies are used by political parties for their own sake. Negative role of media is another factor which is exploiting our youth. Youngsters are running in a race to copy the latest fashion as soon as possible. For this youngster especially young girls waste several hours in watching channels such as STYLE 360 to keep an eye on latest fashion. To look cool they smoke, drink wine etc. nd all this they learn by media, imitating their favorite TV actors. Computers and mobile phones instead of using them in a positive way they are being used to boast off. Message packages and late night packages provided by different phone companies like TELENOR, UFONE, WARID , JAZZ etc. and our youth instead of concentrating on their studies they are involved in such activities talking and texting all night and sleeping at day time during the class which in the end affect their grades. All of these problems are leading towards the mother of all problems which is FRUSTRATION.Our youth is frustrated because of poverty, unemployment and injustice to them in society. Consequence of this is abundantly drug usage, suicide attempts, terrorism in some cases, rape and increase in crime rates. Depressed youngsters indulge themselves in unhealthy activities which not only harm the society but themselves too. They are either captured by corrupt company of gangsters or they themselves inhabit the company of bad boys who entangle these depressed one’s and spoil their whole life. And if he is the sole earner of family then we could imagine the destruction of lives of his whole family.In this whole scenario youth need health resources, awareness, time for relaxa tion and affordable healthy entertainment but we are lacking all these things. Our youth should be engaged in such activities which enhance their talent and also contribute towards the development of country. Ministry of youth affairs take such initiatives so that youth is benefited in some way or other. But if the government properly support youth as in developed countries then we will gradually see the progress in economy of our country which will ultimately lead us to prosperity. INSHALLAH.

Computers – Invention of the Century

The History of Computers only once in a lifetime will a new invention come about to touch every aspect of our lives. Such devices changed the way we manage, work, and live. A machine that has done all this and more now exists in nearly every business in the United States. This incredible invention is the computer. The electronic computer has been around for over a half-century, but its ancestors have been around for 2000 years. However, only in the last 40 years has the computer changed American management to its greatest extent. From the first wooden abacus to the latest high-speed microprocessor, the computer has changed nearly every aspect of management, and our lives for the better. The very earliest existence of the modern day computer's ancestor is the abacus. These date back to almost 2000 years ago (Dolotta, 1985). It is simply a wooden rack holding parallel wires on which beads are strung. When these beads are moved along the wire according to programming rules that the user must memorize. All ordinary arithmetic operations can be performed on the abacus. This was one of the first management tools used. The next innovation in computers took place in 1694 when Blaise Pascal invented the first digital calculating machine. It could only add numbers and they had to be entered by turning dials. It was designed to help Pascal's father, who was a tax collector, manage the town's taxes (Beer, 1966). In the early 1800s, a mathematics professor named Charles Babbage designed an automatic calculation machine (Dolotta, 1985). It was steam powered and could store up to 1000 50-digit numbers. Built in to his machine were operations that included everything a modern general-purpose computer would need. It was programmed by and stored data on cards with holes punched in them, appropriately called punch cards. This machine was extremely useful to managers that delt with large volumes of good. With Babbage's machine, managers could more easily calculate the large numbers accumulated by inventories. The only problem was that there was only one of these machines built, thus making it difficult for all managers to use (Beer, 1966). After Babbage, people began to lose interest in computers. However, between 1850 and 1900 there were great advances in mathematics and physics that began to rekindle the interest. Many of these new advances involved complex calculations and formulas that were very time consuming for human calculation. The first major use for a computer in the U. S. was during the 1890 census. Two men, Herman Hollerith and James Powers, developed a new punched-card system that could automatically read information on cards without human (Dolotta, 1985). Since the population of the U. S. was increasing so fast, the computer was an essential tool for managers in tabulating the totals (Hazewindus,1988). These advantages were noted by commercial industries and soon led to the development of improved punch-card business-machine systems by International Business Machines, Remington-Rand, Burroughs, and other corporations (Chposky, 1988). By modern standards the punched-card machines were slow, typically processing from 50 to 250 cards per minute, with each card holding up to 80 digits. At the time, however, punched cards were an enormous step forward; they provided a means of input, output, and memory storage on a massive scale. For more than 50 years following their first use, punched-card machines did the bulk of the world's business computing (Jacobs, 1975). By the late 1930s punched-card machine techniques had become so well established and reliable that Howard Hathaway Aiken, in collaboration with engineers at IBM, undertook construction of a large automatic digital computer based on standard IBM electromechanical parts (Chposky, 1988). Aiken's machine, called the Harvard Mark I, handled 23-digit numbers and could perform all four arithmetic operations (Dolotta, 1985). Also, it had special built-in programs to handled logarithms and trigonometric functions. The Mark I was controlled from prepunched paper tape. Output was by card punch and electric typewriter. It was slow, requiring 3 to 5 seconds for a multiplication, but it was fully automatic and could complete long computations without human intervention. The outbreak of World War II produced a desperate need for computing capability, especially for the military (Dolotta, 1985). New weapons systems were produced which needed trajectory tables and other essential data. In 1942, John P. Eckert, John W. Mauchley, and their associates at the University of Pennsylvania decided to build a high-speed electronic computer to do the job. This machine became known as ENIAC, for Electrical Numerical Integrator And Calculator (Chposky, 1988). It could multiply two numbers at the rate of 300 products per second, by finding the value of each product from a multiplication table stored in its memory. ENIAC was thus about 1,000 times faster than the previous generation of computers. ENIAC used 18,000 standard vacuum tubes, occupied 1800 square feet of floor space, and used about 180,000 watts of electricity. It used punched-card input and output. The ENIAC was very difficult to program because one had to essentially re-wire it to perform whatever task he wanted the computer to do. It was efficient in handling the particular programs for which it had been designed. ENIAC is generally accepted as the first successful high-speed electronic digital computer and was used in many applications from 1946 to 1955. However, the ENIAC was not accessible to managers of businesses (Beer, 1966). Mathematician John Von Neumann was very interested in the ENIAC. In 1945 he undertook a theoretical study of computation that demonstrated that a computer could have a very simple and yet be able to execute any kind of computation effectively by means of proper programmed control without the need for any changes in hardware. Von Neumann came up with incredible ideas for methods of building and organizing practical, fast computers. These ideas, which came to be referred to as the stored-program technique, became fundamental for future generations of high-speed digital computers and were universally adopted (Dolotta, 1985). The first wave of modern programmed electronic computers to take advantage of these improvements appeared in 1947. This group included computers using random access memory, RAM, which is a memory designed to give almost constant access to any particular piece of information (Dolotta, 1985). These machines had punched-card or punched-tape input and output devices and RAMs of 1000-word capacity. Physically, they were much more compact than ENIAC: some were about the size of a grand piano and required 2500 small electron tubes. This was quite an improvement over the earlier machines. The first-generation stored-program computers required considerable maintenance, usually attained 70% to 80% reliable operation, and were used for 8 to 12 years (Hazewindus,1988). Typically, they were programmed directly in machine language, although by the mid-1950s progress had been made in several aspects of advanced programming. This group of machines included EDVAC and UNIVAC, the first commercially available computers. With this invention, managers had even more power to perform calculations for such things as statistical demographic data (Beer, 1966). Before this time, it was very rare for a manager of a larger business to have the means to process large numbers in so little time. The UNIVAC was developed by John W. Mauchley and John Eckert, Jr. in the 1950s. Together they had formed the Mauchley-Eckert Computer Corporation, America's first computer company in the 1940s. During the development of the UNIVAC, they began to run short on funds and sold their company to the larger Remington-Rand Corporation. Eventually they built a working UNIVAC computer. It was delivered to the U. S. Census Bureau in 1951 where it was used to help tabulate the U. S. population (Hazewindus,1988). Early in the 1950s two important engineering discoveries changed the electronic computer field. The first computers were made with vacuum tubes, but by the late 1950s computers were being made out of transistors, which were smaller, less expensive, more reliable, and more efficient (Dolotta, 1985). In 1959, Robert Noyce, a physicist at the Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation, invented the integrated circuit, a tiny chip of silicon that contained an entire electronic circuit. Gone was the bulky, unreliable, but fast machine; now computers began to become more compact, more reliable and have more capacity. These new technical discoveries rapidly found their way into new models of digital computers. Memory storage capacities increased 800% in commercially available machines by the early 1960s and speeds increased by an equally large margin (Jacobs, 1975). These machines were very expensive to purchase or to rent and were especially expensive to operate because of the cost of hiring programmers to perform the complex operations the computers ran. Such computers were typically found in large computer centers operated by industry, government, and private laboratories staffed with many programmers and support personnel. By 1956, 76 of IBM's large computer mainframes were in use, compared with only 46 UNIVAC's (Chposky, 1988). In the 1960s efforts to design and develop the fastest possible computers with the greatest capacity reached a turning point with the completion of the LARC machine for Livermore Radiation Laboratories by the Sperry-Rand Corporation, and the Stretch computer by IBM. The LARC had a core memory of 98,000 words and multiplied in 10 microseconds. Stretch was provided with several ranks of memory having slower access for the ranks of greater capacity, the fastest access time being less than 1 microseconds and the total capacity in the vicinity of 100 million words. During this time the major computer manufacturers began to offer a range of computer capabilities, as well as various computer-related equipment (Jacobs, 1975). These included input means such as consoles and card feeders; output means such as page printers, cathode-ray-tube displays, and graphing devices; and optional magnetic-tape and magnetic-disk file storage. These found wide use in management for such applications as accounting, payroll, inventory control, ordering supplies, and billing. Central processing units for such purposes did not need to be very fast arithmetically and were primarily used to access large amounts of records on file. The greatest number of computer systems were delivered for the larger applications, such as in hospitals for keeping track of patient records, medications, and treatments given. They were also used in automated library systems and in database systems such as the Chemical Abstracts system, where computer records now on file cover nearly all known chemical compounds (Dolotta, 1985). The trend during the 1970s was, to some extent, away from extremely powerful, centralized computational centers and toward a broader range of applications for less-costly computer systems (Jacobs, 1975). Most continuous-process manufacturing, such as petroleum refining and electrical-power distribution systems, began using computers of relatively modest capability for controlling and regulating their activities. In the 1960s the programming of applications problems was an obstacle to the self-sufficiency of moderate-sized on-site computer installations, but great advances in applications programming languages removed these obstacles. Applications languages became available for controlling a great range of manufacturing processes, for computer operation of machine tools, and for many other tasks. In 1971 Marcian E. Hoff, Jr. , an engineer at the Intel Corporation, invented the microprocessor and another stage in the development of the computer began. A new revolution in computer hardware was now well under way, involving miniaturization of computer-logic circuitry and of component manufacture by what are called large-scale integration techniques. In the 1950s it was realized that scaling down the size of electronic digital computer circuits and parts would increase speed and efficiency and improve performance. However, at that time the manufacturing methods were not good enough to accomplish such a task. About 1960, photoprinting of conductive circuit boards to eliminate wiring became highly developed. Then it became possible to build resistors and capacitors into the circuitry by photographic means. In the 1970s entire assemblies, such as adders, shifting registers, and counters, became available on tiny chips of silicon. In the 1980s very large scale integration, VLSI, in which hundreds of thousands of transistors are placed on a single chip, became increasingly common. Many companies, some new to the computer field, introduced in the 1970s programmable minicomputers supplied with software packages. The size-reduction trend continued with the introduction of personal computers, which are programmable machines small enough and inexpensive enough to be purchased and used by individuals. One of the first of such machines was introduced in January 1975. Popular Electronics magazine provided plans that would allow any electronics wizard to build his own small, programmable computer for about $380. The computer was called the Altair 8800. Its programming involved pushing buttons and flipping switches on the front of the box. It didn't include a monitor or keyboard, and its applications were very limited. Even though, many orders came in for it and several famous owners of computer and software manufacturing companies got their start in computing through the Altair. For example, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, founders of Apple Computer, built a much cheaper, yet more productive version of the Altair and turned their hobby into a business. After the introduction of the Altair 8800, the personal computer industry became a fierce battleground of competition. IBM had been the computer industry standard for well over a half-century. They held their position as the standard when they introduced their first personal computer, the IBM Model 60 in 1975. However, the newly formed Apple Computer company was releasing its own personal computer, the Apple II. The Apple I was the first computer designed by Jobs and Wozniak in Wozniak's garage, which was not produced on a wide scale. Software was needed to run the computers as well. Microsoft developed a Disk Operating System, MS-DOS, for the IBM computer while Apple developed its own software. Because Microsoft had now set the software standard for IBMs, every software manufacturer had to make their software compatible with Microsoft's. This would lead to huge profits for Microsoft. The main goal of the computer manufacturers was to make the computer as affordable as possible while increasing speed, reliability, and capacity. Nearly every computer manufacturer accomplished this and computers popped up everywhere. Computers were in businesses keeping track of even more inventories for managers. Computers were in colleges aiding students in research. Computers were in laboratories making complex calculations at high speeds for scientists and physicists. The computer had made its mark everywhere in management and built up a huge industry. The future is promising for the computer industry and its technology. The speed of processors is expected to double every year and a half in the coming years. As manufacturing techniques are further perfected the prices of computer systems are expected to steadily fall. However, since the microprocessor technology will be increasing, it's higher costs will offset the drop in price of older processors. In other words, the price of a new computer will stay about the same from year to year, but technology will steadily increase. Since the end of World War II, the computer industry has grown from a standing start into one of the biggest and most profitable industries in the United States. It now comprises thousands of companies, making everything from multi-million dollar high-speed supercomputers to printout paper and floppy disks. It employs millions of people and generates tens of billions of dollars in sales each year. Surely, the computer has impacted every aspect of people's lives. It has affected the way people work and play. It has made everyone's life easier by doing difficult work for people. The computer truly is one of the most incredible inventions in history to ever influence management, and life.

The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire Education Essay

This chapter outlines the methods and processs used to roll up informations, every bit good as how the collected information was analysed and besides the restrictions of the survey.2.1 Research designA research design maps as gum that holds the research survey together, structuring the survey and suiting together major research constituents such as sampling and steps in replying the research inquiries. In research, qualitative design and the quantitative design signifier the major types of research designs. Qualitative research design gives a complete description of peculiar phenomena for which the research worker seeks an account. This design is based on the point of view that all research is finally linked to qualitative research. Here, the research worker is extremely involved in the procedure, and the informations collected takes the signifier of words and objects ( Creswell, 2003 ) . Quantitative research aims at explicating everything in footings of 0 and I. It classifies, coun ts and creates statistical theoretical accounts to give accounts about peculiar happenings. Data aggregation tools such as questionnaires are used to roll up numerical informations. This research design consequences in precise measurings of objects under probe ( Creswell, 2003 ) . This survey used the quantitative research design which enabled the research worker to roll up informations from a big sample of schools in order to enable the findings to be generalised. In analyzing leading behavior of secondary school Curates, it was of import to utilize a big sample since there are many secondary schools in Mauritius. The information collected on the leading manners and instructors ‘ engagement in determination devising needed to be statistically correlated to find the impact of leading on collaborative determination devising. Therefore, it was important to utilize the quantitative research design to give informations that can be manipulated statistically.2.2 Population and sampleIn research, a population refers to topics whose properties are of involvement to the survey. It consists of the elements that the survey would wish to look into ( Creswell, 2003 ) . The secondary school population in the Republic of Mauritius is divided into five zones, harmonizin g to the Ministry of Education and Human Resources. The schools are farther categorised as State, Private Aided and Private Non-Aided. The entire figure of secondary schools in Mauritius is 182. For the intent of this research, the schools in Zone 5 ( Rodrigues ) were non included, every bit good as the Private Non-Aided schools. For this survey, the population was all secondary school instructors working in State and Private Aided schools of Mauritius. Under this population instructors were the respondents. This included all practising instructors and excluded all trained but non practising instructors. The sample is a little proportion or subset of the population. The importance of samples in research is the impracticableness of obtaining survey informations from all the elements of the population ( Creswell, 2003 ) . This present survey used a sample which is 15 per centum of the whole school population. The school population in this survey is 156 and therefore there were 23 schools that were sampled. This sample was divided among the zones on the footing of the figure of schools in the zone. This survey used a graded random sample to acquire to the respondent. In this sampling technique, the sample of schools is foremost divided into bunchs or groups. Here the bunchs were the four zones, whereby each zone constituted a bunch. The sample for each zone was based on the proportion of the schools in that zone relation to the entire figure of schools. Thus Zone 1, with 51 schools, had 8 schools doing it to the sample ; Zone 2, with 41 schools, had 6 schools ; Zone 3, with 34 schools, had 5 schools and Zone 4, with 30 schools, had 4 schools. Table 2.1 illustrates the sample of schools chosen.Table 2.1: Sample of schools per zoneZonePopulation Sample 1 51 8 2 41 6 3 34 5 4 30 415623 The sample was further divided amongst State and Private-Aided schools, based on the proportion of each in the corresponding zone relation to the entire figure of schools. The State and Private-Aided schools were so categorised harmonizing to students ‘ gender, viz. Girls, Boys and Mixed. Simple random sampling, utilizing a random figure generator, was so used to choose the 23 schools organizing portion of the sample.Table 2.2: Types of schools in sampleZoneSum Population Sample StatePrivateAIDEDState Private AIDED 1 51 23 28 3 5 2 41 19 22 3 3 3 34 12 22 2 3 4 30 15 15 2 215669 871013the sample size of 100 instructors has been obtained from the relation where N = N 1+ Ne2, where n= sample size, N = population size, e = border of mistake ; an mistake of 10 % has been considered here ( Pasigpasigan, 2007 ) . Table 2.3: Sample of instructors Population OF Teachers Sample OF Teachers Zone State Private AIDED Sum State Private AIDED 1 1145 1071 2216 16 15 2 907 971 1878 13 14 3 664 984 1648 9 14 4 723 551 1274 11 834393577701649512.3 Investigative TechniquesThe survey used questionnaires for informations aggregation. Questionnaires are rather cost- effectual and they can capture a big sample, while offering a agency of incorporating present findings with former similar surveies. They are the chief probe techniques used for big samples where quantitative informations is required. The survey employed this technique to roll up informations and this allowed for statistical use and generalization of the informations to the whole population. Questionnaires allow namelessness in response, thereby heightening informations quality and dependability. The questionnaire was structured in order to hold standard inquiries whose responses are predefined. This allowed for easy informations analysis, even though new stuff that the research worker may non be cognizant of can be omitted.2.4 InstrumentalityThe questionnaire used for the survey incorporated both the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire ( MLQ ) an d the Teacher Involvement and Participation Scale Questionnaire. The questionnaire is given in Appendix A.2.4.1 Multifactor Leadership QuestionnaireThis is a information aggregation instrument that measures leading manners. Respondents score their responses on the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Bass and Avolio ( 2000 ) crafted the MLQ from their full scope of leading theoretical accounts. Assorted trials have confirmed that MLQ is a good forecaster of leader public presentation and behavior. The MLQ scores leading behaviors on a graduated table from transactional to transformational manners of leading. This instrument was used to inquire instructors in Mauritius to give their sentiment on the leading manners used by their Curates. The altered MLQ instrument used for this survey excluded the steps for leading results since this would be measured by the T.I.P.S questionnaire. Therefore, alternatively of the usual 45 inquiries in the MLQ, the survey used 21 inquiries. Out of the 45 points, the questionnaire measures five transformational leading variables, three transactional variables, one variable of non- transactional leading and three result variables. The latest version of the MLQ questionnaire comes in two signifiers: the ego rater and rater signifier ( other people rate an person ) ( Bass and Avolio, 2006 ) . This survey used the rater signifier where the instructors will rate the Rectors in footings of their leading manners. Bass ( 2005 ) advances that transformational leading is based on five variables, as measured by the MLQ: Idealised Properties, Idealised Behaviours, Individualised Consideration, Intellectual Stimulation and Inspirational Motivation. The transactional leading variables or constituents are: Contingent Reward, Management by Exception ( Passive ) and Management by Exception ( Active ) . The result constituents measured are: Satisfaction with the leader, Extra attempt by Associates and Individual, Group, and Organisational Effectiveness. Laissez-Faire is the non-transactional constituent ( Bass and Avolio, 2006 ) . The MLQ is based on the 5 point Likert graduated table of 0 = Never to 4 = Frequently, if non ever. The MLQ has been applied extensively in research lab and field surveies of inactive / avoidant, transactional and transformational leading manners ( Bass and Avolio, 1994 ) . Harmonizing to Bass and Avolio ( 2006 ) , leading manners are non reciprocally sole since one individual can change his/her leading manners to accommodate different fortunes. Appendix B contains a description of all the constituents in the MLQ. Bass and Avolio ( 2000 ) progress that the MLQ has a dependability of 0.74 to 0.91 for each leading components that it measures. The tool has been used for 100s of surveies throughout the universe, both academic and commercial ( Bass and Avolio, 2006 ) . Lowe et Al. ( 1996 ) back up the cogency of MLQ through their survey of over 3 000 raters. It meets the rigorous cogency steps in research ( Trochim, 2005 ) . Appendix C contains Part B of the questionnaire and their variables within the MLQ model.2.4.2 Teacher Involvement and Participation Scale ( T.I.P.S )We started development by reexamining the literature on shared determination devising. Through the work of Conley and Bacharach ( 1990 ) , Sirotnik and Clark ( 1988 ) , David ( 1989 ) , and others, we discovered that execution of shared determination devising occurs across eight dimensions: Goals/Vision/Mission: the grade to which instructors are involved in bordering the ends and mission of the school. Facilitating Procedures and Structures: the grade to which instructors have equal clip, reduced learning tonss, releases from contracts and ordinances, and changed agendas to allow collegial work to happen. Curriculum/Instruction: the grade to which instructors participate in finding the school plan, course of study ends, text edition choice, educational stuffs, and schoolroom teaching method. Budgeting: the grade to which instructors participate in affairs related to planing and implementing the school budget. Staffing: the grade to which instructors are involved with the disposal in doing determinations such as recruiting, interviewing, hiring, and delegating staff. Staff Development: the grade to which instructors can plan and implement staff development activities that meet their ain demands. Operationss: the grade to which instructors are involved in pull offing the edifice ( its usage, betterment, and care ) . Standards: the grade to which instructors portion in puting criterions for their ain public presentation and for pupil public presentation and subject. Items on the TIPS 2 Instrument are rated on a Likert Scale from one to five bespeaking degree of teacher engagement in each determination during the past twelvemonth. ( The graduated table ranges from â€Å" Strongly Disagree † to â€Å" Strongly agree. † ) . TIPS has demonstrated high dependability and cogency for the instrument as a whole and in each of the dimensions..2.5 Data CollectionThe sample used in this survey comprises secondary school instructors. The questionnaire was distributed to the respondents during a two-week period and the respondents were given a farther three yearss to make full in the questionnaires. The respondents were issued difficult transcripts of the questionnaires in their schools and, for those who were comfy to react instantly, the questionnaires were filled and collected. Otherwise a reminder was sent in two yearss and agreements made when the questionnaire would be collected. Email questionnaires were besides issued to respondents who preferred to react via electronic mail. These schemes were put in topographic point to guarantee that information was obtained in good clip. Data was collected from the several schools at prearranged times.2.6 Data AnalysisThe questionnaires used in the survey yielded quantitative informations which can be analysed statistically. The information collected was analysed by the usage of statistical bundles Microsoft Excel and SPSS ( Statistical Package for Social Sciences ) . The analysis was done in the signifier of descriptive statistics, which enabled the basic description of the sample such as the figure and gender of respondents, their length of service and makings. The descriptive information statistics included frequence, steps of cardinal inclination ( average and manner ) , steps of fluctuation and standard divergence. The survey sought to look into the impact of leading behavior on collaborative determination devising. This was achieved through correlativity statistical steps to find the being of a relationship.2.7 Ethical ConsiderationsThere is increasing consciousness that the people on whom research is conducted have rights, and that research workers have duties and duties to these research topics ( Mc Neill and Chapman, 2005 ) . The respondents in the survey are human topics and this required a figure of steps to be put in topographic point to guarantee that the topics were protected. The instructors are peculiarly busy at this clip of the twelvemonth ( terminal of 3rd term ) and they do non hold sufficient clip to give to studies. The accent was laid on the importance of this survey in order to actuate the respondents. The instructors were allowed to maintain the questionnaires and respond at their ain convenience. The chief ethical issues that have been given due consideration during this research are given below. Informed consent: inform all participants that they are capable to the research undertaking and that they are free to decline to take part. aˆ? Misrepresentation: true information given to all participants about the intent of the research. aˆ? Confidentiality: identifying information about the topics will non be made available to anyone. aˆ? Anonymity: the individuality of each participant will stay unknown. aˆ? Hazards: no topic will be harmed physically or emotionally. For this current research, accent is laid on three of the above, viz. informed consent, confidentiality and namelessness. Since instructors are involved in this research, the anterior consent of their school Rectors has to be obtained through a missive detailing the exact nature and intent of the research. However, many Rectors did non desire their schools to be explicitly identified in the study. The instructors who are selected are given the warrant that their individuality will non be revealed to anyone. Since the survey involved a reappraisal of Curates by the instructors, this may hold caused the latter to react favorably or experience unbarred to reply truthfully for fright that they can be identified, despite being given the confidence of complete confidentiality. Finally all those take parting in the research have non been named anyplace in the study. Puting accent on the above ethical jobs is of paramount importance because if the respondents do non swear the research worker , so the cogency of the information collected will non reflect the world.2.8 BiassBiass ever find a manner into research surveies and convey damaging effects to the survey. The most elusive and harmful prejudices are those that the research worker is non cognizant of. The research worker and the respondents differ in many professional facets, chiefly in that the bulk of respondents have non obtained a postgraduate grade while the research worker is in the procedure of geting one. This may hold made the research worker to be insensitive to the demands and positions of the respondents. To understate this prejudice, the research worker worked closely with the respondents to understand their paradigm and readily offered elucidations on the intent of the research. The contents of the informations aggregation instruments were besides explained to the respondents when necessary.2.9 Premises of the surveyThe research worker assumed that the features of composing and size of the sample accur ately represent the population of the survey. It was besides assumed that the respondents had interacted long plenty in the secondary schools to understand their leader ‘s behavior. Finally it was assumed that the instructors were besides cognizant of the effects of their Rector ‘s leading manner on their engagement in determination devising as instructors.2.9.1 Restrictions of the surveyThe methodological analysis chosen in this survey has restrictions which may hold adversely affected the result of the research. The survey used the MLQ which is a standard questionnaire for mensurating the modern school of idea for leading behavior. It has besides used the T.I.P.S which is another standardized questionnaire. Some respondents were non able to reply all the inquiries as they may non hold been cognizant of or were non concerned plenty with the occurrences in their schools. This decreased the figure of duly filled questionnaires used for informations analysis. Besides, the standardised questionnaire did non capture other emergent positions or new thoughts on the inquiries that were asked, restricting the contextual profusion of the findings. The period of the school calendar twelvemonth for this survey is decidedly unfavorable since all instructors are busy with school scrutinies. Many respondents may hold answered at random due to the confining clip factor. In research, larger samples are better since they reflect more accurately the features of the population. This survey used a little sample to let the easiness of informations aggregation and analysis in order to run into the deadlines. The fiscal resources required to transport out such an extended survey covering the whole island were beyond the range of the research worker. Furthermore, the Private non-aided schools were non included in this survey since entree was non granted in many instances. This besides explains the size of the sample used by the research worker.